Implementation and Maintenance Guide

Note: This document is and will long continue to be a work in progress. If you have any questions, comments, or suggestions about the plants or other information included, feel free to contact us at WildWesleyan@gmail.com. We’d love to hear from you!

Working for Intelligent Landscape Design at Wesleyan:

West College Implementation and Maintenance Guide

Summer 2012

Mission Statement

Permaculture is about continuity. It is about rootedness, patience, and awareness. College, on the other hand, is, by design, a transient system. This booklet is an attempt to create the cohesion of permaculture within the university system — not through a single student or group of students, but through the collective cycle of research and experimentation by generations of committed individuals. With the help of this booklet, we can find some form of permanence and roots in an otherwise ephemeral space; we can work with the patience and tranquility permaculture requires, aware of our place in a longer past and future; and we can, on one small plot of land, unite through our disparate times and contexts to create a truly “permanent culture,” here, at Wesleyan.

This booklet, like permaculture, is a continually evolving process. Each new generation of students is encouraged to edit the pages as the project inevitably changes and progress. Only remember, always:

“The ultimate goal of farming is not the growing of crops, but the cultivation and perfection of human beings.” — Masanobu Fukuoka

Ecosystems of the Wild WestCo Site[i]

The Forest Garden represents a pinnacle of permaculture and polyculture principles. The section is an attempt to recreate the complexity of a mid-succession[ii] natural forest ecosystem in which every niche contributes directly or indirectly to human health. Edible and nitrogen-fixing herbs, dynamic accumulators, and ground cover underly berry and nitrogen-fixing shrubs and fruit trees, while trailing and climbing vines pass among the stories. The section covers the west, southwest, and southern sections of the site.

The Forest Mimic, located in the northwest corner of the site, mimics native forests of the Connecticut River Valley region. Its trees and dense understory provide a natural habitat for birds, insects, and other animals. This steep area is prone to erosion, but trees’ roots act as erosion barriers, holding soil in place.

The Social Space is a community gathering space and a unique experimental demonstration of alternatives to resource-intensive lawn cover. Located in the northeast corner of the courtyard, it is blanketed in trample-resistant ground cover. Its shape mimics an amphitheater and it is designed for art installations and music performances. Additionally, a small “nook” nestled between the the Berry and Shrub Thicket and the Forest Garden offers a more secluded gathering space for the WestCo community.

The Edible Meadow consists of grasses, non-woody plants, and wildflowers. It is located in the sunny mid-section of the gradient and contains edible flowers and leaves, root crops, and herbs. It also provides food and habitat for the site’s insect pollinators. Highly visible on- and off-site, the Edible Meadow bursts with aesthetic and biological diversity.

The Berry and Shrub Thicket serves as a food-producing patch that is taller and more densely planted than the Edible Meadow. The perennials planted here require minimal maintenance and provide high yields of edible berries and nuts for people meandering on the paths.

Rain Gardens and Swales are planted depressions designed to maximize local water resources by reducing runoff. Water pools in the depressions, percolates into the soil, and is taken up by deep-rooted plants. Strategic placement of these features throughout the site prevents rainwater from flowing across the surface of the site, flooding pathways and storm drains.

Plants[iii]

Forest Garden

Trees

Name: Prunus ‘Stanley’ (“Stanley” Plum)

Number: 2

Location on site: south and south-central sections of Forest Garden.

Associated Polyculture: N/A.

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Moderate.[iv]

Mature Size: 10-18’ x 5-10’

Life Expectancy: Short.[v]

Root Type: Flat-rooted.[vi]

Water Preference[1]: Mesic Soil.[vii]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [viii]

Other Maintenance: Netting may be needed to protect fruits from visiting birds.[ix]

Begins Fruiting: 2-4 years.[x]

Fertilization: “Fertilize in spring. Single white flowers in early May.”[xi] Fruits late summer to early fall.[xii] Self-fertile, although pollination by another tree will maximize yield.

Uses: edible fruits, medicinal inner bark, dyes from leaves (green) and roots (red). The fruits are also a powerful bird (and wasp) attractant.[xiii]
Origin: The “Stanley” Plum was first cultivated by Richard Wellington in the New York State Agricultural Experimentation Station in 1926.[xiv]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Peach tree borer, pear slug,[xv] “plum curculio, European red mite, brown rot, leaf spot and black knot.”[xvi]

Other:

Name: Malus domestica ‘Liberty’ (“Liberty” Apple)

Number: 3

Location on site: south section

Associated Polyculture: N/A

Planting date:

Size at planting: 5/8’-3/4’ diameter trunk

Growth Rate: Moderate.[xvii]

Mature Size: 15’-30’ x 10’-15’ (4.5 m-9 m x 3 m-4.5 m)[xviii]

Life Expectancy: 15-20 years.[xix]

Root Type: Flat-rooted.[xx]

Water Preference: Mesic soil[xxi] (not tolerant of wet soil[xxii]).
Sun Preference: Full sun.[xxiii].
Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 2-3 years.[xxiv]

Fertilization: White flowers mid-spring to early summer. [xxv] Fruits will ripen early fall.[xxvi] Must be pollinated by another tree.[xxvii]

Uses: “Yellow fruit with red stripes. The flesh is firm, yellowish and sweet.”[xxviii] Deciduous.[xxix] Fruits can be eaten raw, cooked, canned, preserved, or dried. Can also be squeezed to make a juice or fermented to create an alcoholic cider. Fruits will keep 3 to 4 months.[xxx]

Origin: “Liberty” apple was first cultivated in the New York State Agrivultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, in 1955. It is a hybrid of the Macoun and Purdue apples.[xxxi]

Pests and Diseases: Codling Moth.[xxxii] Notably resistant to scab, fireblight, and cedar-apple rust.[xxxiii] Japanese beetles.[xxxiv] Fly-speck; sooty-botch. Frog-eye leaf-spot. [xxxv]

Other:

Name: Diospyrus kaki ‘Jiro’ (Hardy/Fuyu Persimmon)

Number: 1

Location on site: south border of site.

Associated Polyculture: One elderberry to northeast. One Redcurrant to east. One Highbush Blueberry to west; one to northwest.

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Moderate.[xxxvi]

Mature Size: 39’ x 23’ (12 m x 7 m)[xxxvii]

Life Expectancy: 50 years.[xxxviii]

Root Type: Tap-rooted. [xxxix]

Water Preference: Mesic soil.[xl]
Sun Preference: Full sun. [xli]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 3-6 years[xlii]

Fertilization: Flowers in late spring-summer. Fruits in fall, after leaves have fallen off. Female; must be planted with other (male) varieties to bear seeds.[xliii]

Uses: Also called “Apple Persimmon;” unlike many varieties, the Fuyu Persimmon’s fruits ripen and are generally eaten when still hard.[xliv] Fruits can be eaten raw, cooked, or dried. Medicinally, persimmon fruit is also said to be “antitussive, astringent, laxative, nutritive and stomachic…used raw in the treatment of constipation and haemorrhoids[238] and when cooked is used to treat diarrhoea.”[xlv]

Origin: Originating in China, the Kaki Persimmon has been cultivated in the country for over 2000 years. Many varieties of the fruit were also developed and are grown in Japan, including the Diospyros kaki ‘Jiro.’ The tree was introduced to California in the 1800s, but China, Japan, and Korea continue to provide the great majority of persimmons.[xlvi]

Pests and Diseases: Mealybug, [xlvii] scale, ant, white flies, thrips, mites (cause “brown lace collar.”[xlviii]

Other:

Name: Asimina triloba ‘Mitchell’ (“Mitchell” Paw Paw)

Number: 1

Location on site: South-East / South-Central; north of Stanley Plum

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Slow-Medium. [xlix]

Mature Size: 14’ x 13’ (4.5 m x 4 m)[l]

Life Expectancy: 20 years.[li]

Root Type: early-forming taproot; [lii] heart, suckering. [liii]

Water Preference: Mesic soil. [liv]
Sun Preference: Sun or shade. [lv]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 4-6 years[lvi]

Fertilization: Flowers May-June. “Seeds ripen in October.”[lvii] The leaves turn a golden-yellow in the fall.[lviii] Paw Paws are generally not self-fertile; while flowers do produce both male and female parts, the female parts mature earlier than the male and do not result in fruit.[lix] The tree fruits better when two varieties are cross-pollinated. Pollination is often encouraged with fish emulsion or meat, which attracts pollinators by emphasizing the Paw Paw’s natural rotten smell.[lx]

Uses: Fruits (without skins) can be eaten raw or cooked. Fruits can be eaten either straight off the tree or after a period in storage. However, the fruit quickly goes bad, and so should be eaten soon after ripening.[lxi] Ripeness can be discerned by a softness, stronger smell, and slight color change in the fruit.[lxii] The tree also attracts beneficial insects such as the Zebra Swallowtail Butterfly, whose larvae feed exclusively on Paw Paw fruit.[lxiii]

Origin: The Paw Paw is native to much of the eastern part of the United States,[lxiv] and was cultivated by Native Americans for some time before its first documented sighting in 1541. The fruit is difficult to transport because of its short ripening period, but the tree has become particularly popular among organic farmers and in southeastern Ohio.[lxv] “Mitchell” Paw Paw was “selected from the wild in Jefferson Co., IL, by Joseph W. Hickman in 1979.”[lxvi]

Pests and Diseases: Zebra swallowtail, butterfly larvae, leafroller larvae, Japanese beetle, Micocentospora asiminae, Rhopaloconidium asiminae. Largely pest and disease-resistant. [lxvii]

Other: The tree spreads both by root suckers and its fruit. Much of the tree has a foul smell, particularly the leaves when crushed.[lxviii] The Paw Paw is the “largest fruit produced on North American trees.”[lxix]

Name: Asimina triloba ‘Pennsylvania Golden’ (“Pennsylvania Golden” Paw Paw)

Number: 1

Location on site: South-East / South-Central; north of Stanley Plum

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Slow-Medium. [lxx]

Mature Size: 14’ x 13’ (4.5 m x 4 m)[lxxi]

Life Expectancy:

Root Type: early-forming taproot; [lxxii] heart, suckering. [lxxiii]

Water Preference: Mesic soil. [lxxiv]
Sun Preference: Sun or shade. [lxxv]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 4-6 years[lxxvi]

Fertilization: Flowers May-June. “Seeds ripen in October.”[lxxvii] The leaves turn a golden-yellow in the fall.[lxxviii] Paw Paws are generally not self-fertile; while flowers do produce both male and female parts, the female parts mature earlier than the male and do not result in fruit.[lxxix] The tree fruits better when two varieties are cross-pollinated. Pollination is often encouraged with fish emulsion or meat, which attracts pollinators by emphasizing the Paw Paw’s natural rotten smell.[lxxx]

Uses: Fruits (without skins) can be eaten raw or cooked. Fruits can be eaten either straight off the tree or after a period in storage. However, the fruit quickly goes bad, and so should be eaten soon after ripening.[lxxxi] Ripeness can be discerned by a softness, stronger smell, and slight color change in the fruit.[lxxxii] The tree also attracts beneficial insects such as the Zebra Swallowtail Butterfly, whose larvae feed exclusively on Paw Paw fruit.[lxxxiii]

Origin: The Paw Paw is native to much of the eastern part of the United States,[lxxxiv] and was cultivated by Native Americans for some time before its first documented sighting in 1541. The fruit is difficult to transport because of its short ripening period, but the tree has become particularly popular among organic farmers and in southeastern Ohio.[lxxxv] “Pennsylvania Golden” Paw Paw was first cultivated in Amherst, New York.[lxxxvi]

Pests and Diseases: The tree spreads both by root suckers and its fruit. Much of the tree has a foul smell, particularly the leaves when crushed.[lxxxvii] The Paw Paw is the “largest fruit produced on North American trees.”[lxxxviii]

Other: The tree spreads both by root suckers and its fruit. Much of the tree has a foul smell, particularly the leaves when crushed.[lxxxix] The Paw Paw is the “largest fruit produced on North American trees.”[xc]

Name: Pyrus ‘Bartlett’ (Semi-Dwarf Bartlett Pear / Williams’ Bon Chrétien Pear /Williams Pear[xci])

Number: 1

Location on site: southeast corner

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Fast.[xcii]

Mature Size: 10-18’ x 5-10’[xciii]

Life Expectancy: 60 years.[xciv]

Root Type: N/A.
Water Preference: Mesic soil. [xcv]
Sun Preference: Full sun. [xcvi]

Other Maintenance:

Begins fruiting: 3 years.[xcvii]

Fertilization: White flowers early to late spring. Fruits ripen August to mid-September.[xcviii] Self-fertile.[xcix] The Harvest to Table food guide describes Bartlett as a “mid-season” variety.[c]

Uses: “Juicy yellow fragrant pears.”[ci] Fruits can be eaten raw, cooked, preserved, or made into jams. [cii] Fruits are best if picked when still unripe and green, and ripened in “dry shady areas.”[ciii] Ripeness can be determined through the “Check the Neck” test: press the pear near its stem with a thumb; if the flesh is soft here, the pear is ripe.[civ] Williams pear is also used to make Poire Williams brandy.[cv]

Origin: The pear’s earliest recognized name, “Bon Chrétien,” (Good Christian), was given after Francis of Paola, a Calabrian healer under King Louis XI of France. At the request of the king, Francis visited Louis XI on his deathbed and gave him a pear seed to plant. In the late 1700s, a man named Williams spread the pear throughout England, adding the preface “William’s”.[cvi]

The pear was introduced into the United States in 1799, where Enoch Bartlett of Dorchester, Massachusetts popularized the variety and named it after himself, unaware of its origin.[cvii] It was realized that the William’s Bon Chrétien and Bartlett pears were the same variety in 1828. [cviii]

Pests and Diseases:

Other: “Worlds (sic) most popular pear.”[cix] The Bartlett pear “is the most commonly grown variety of pear in most countries outside Asia.”[cx]

Name: Pyrus ‘Bosc’ (Semi-Dwarf Bosc Pear / Kaiser Pear[cxi])

Number: 1

Location on site: southeast corner

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Fast.[cxii]

Mature Size: 10-18’ x 5-10’[cxiii]

Life Expectancy: 60 years.[cxiv]

Root Type: N/A.

Water Preference: Mesic soil. [cxv]
Sun Preference: Full sun. [cxvi]

Other Maintenance:

Begins fruiting: 3 years. [cxvii]

Fertilization: “Russet brown juicy pear.” [cxviii] White flowers early to late spring. Fruits ripen August to mid-September.[cxix] Fruit is harder than many other varieties when ripe. Self-fertile.[cxx] The Harvest to Table food guide describes Bosc as a “late-season” variety.[cxxi]

Uses: Fruits can be eaten raw or cooked, preserved, or made into jams.[cxxii] Ripeness can be determined through the “Check the Neck” test: press the pear near its stem with a thumb; if the flesh is soft here, the pear is ripe.[cxxiii] Overripe pears can be used in smoothies, sauces, or as a thickener.[cxxiv]

Origin: The Bosc pear originated in either Belgium or France. It is named after M. Bosc, the director of the Paris Botanical Garden in the early 1800s. The variety was transported to the eastern United States in the early 1830s. They are now grown primarily in the northwest.[cxxv]

Pests and Diseases: Codling moth and fire blight.[cxxvi]

Other: Bosc pear is also known as the “aristocrat of pears.”[cxxvii]

Name: Fagus grandifolia (American Beech)

Number: 1

Location on site: Southern border, west of Persimmon.

Planting date: N/A.

Size at planting: N/A.

Growth Rate: Medium.[cxxviii]

Mature Size: 50-75’ x 40-60’ (15-23 m x 12 x 18 m)[cxxix]

Life Expectancy: 50-75’ x 40-60’ (

Root Type: Flat- or heart-rooted; suckers. [cxxx]

Water Preference: Mesic soil. [cxxxi]

Sun Preference: Full, partial, or no sun. [cxxxii]

Other Maintenance: The beeches on-site have beech bark disease and are likely going to be removed in the near future. Until that time, they are self-sustaining.

Begins Fruiting: 2-4 years.[cxxxiii]

Uses: Very young leaves edible raw or cooked. Seeds edible in small quantities or used to make flour or coffee substitute. [cxxxiv]

Fertilization: Flowers April to May. Seeds ripen October to November. Monoecious flowers. Large quantities of seeds are produced every 2-3 years. [cxxxv]

Pests and Diseases: Aphids, flat-headed appletree borer, two-lined chestnut borer, powdery mildew, bleeding canker, beech bark disease.

Other: Beech makes one of the finer charcoals for art purposes. [cxxxvi]

Shrubs

Name: Sambucus canadensis / Sambucus nigra spp. canadensis (American Elderberry)

Number: 1

Location on site: just south of north rain garden.

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 3 g.

Growth Rate: Fast. [cxxxvii]

Mature Size: 6-12’ x 6-12’[cxxxviii] (2-3.5 x 2-3.5 m).

Life Expectancy: 6-10 years. [cxxxix]

Root Type: Flat-rooted; suckering. [cxl]
Water Preference: Can persist in dry or wet soils, but prefers wet. [cxli]

Sun Preference: Full or partial sun. [cxlii]

Other Maintenance:

Begins fruiting: 2-4 years. [cxliii]

Fertilization: Flowers in July. “Seeds ripen in September.” Insect-pollinated. [cxliv] “Spreads by rhizomes, layering, and suckers as well as by sprouting new canes.”[cxlv]

Uses: Fruits can be eaten raw, cooked, or dried (though most often eaten cooked). Flowers can be eaten raw, cooked, or steeped to make a beverage. Young shoots can be eaten cooked. Medicinally, the inner bark can be steeped to make a tea for treating “headaches, kidney problems and mucous congestion[21, 257]. [It] is also applied as a poultice to cuts, sore or swollen limbs etc in order to relieve pain and swelling[222, 257]….The leaves and inner bark of young shoots are used as an insect repellent….” The bark can also be used to make a black dye.[cxlvi]

Origin: Native to eastern North America.[cxlvii] Sambucus canadensis was once so common it was called “Ditchweed” in many places throughout the northeast.[cxlviii]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Borers, cankers, leaf spots, powdery mildew. Relatively few pests or diseases.[cxlix]

Other:

Name: Hamamelis virginiana (Witch-hazel)

Number: 1

Location on site: southeast corner

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 3 g

Growth Rate: Slow. [cl]

Mature Size: 16’ x 16’ (5 m x 5 m).[cli]

Life Expectancy: “Long.”[clii]

Root Type: Shallow-rooted.[cliii]

Water Preference: Mesic soil. [cliv]

Sun Preference: Can tolerate full to partial sun (prefers full). [clv]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Production: “Several years.” [clvi]

Fertilization: Yellow, rarely orange-red[clvii] flowers September to November after leaves. Seeds ripen August to September. Hermaphrodite flowers.[clviii]

Uses: Seeds can be eaten raw or cooked. Medicinally, the bark can be used to “heal wounds, treat tumours, eye problems, etc.”[clix] Native Americans used the bark and leaves to alleviate inflamation.[clx]

Origin: Native to eastern North America.[clxi]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Notably pest-resistant. Witch hazel leaf gall aphid, witch hazel weevil. [clxii]

Other: Witch-hazel stems are often used for dowsing (determining the location of water through stick divination).[clxiii] Witch Hazel is also a popular Disney character (who is, coincidentally, a witch).[clxiv]

Name: Vaccinium corymbosum (Highbush Blueberry / American Blueberry[clxv])

Number: 2

Location on site: Southern section of site. One to west of Persimmon. One to north of Persimmon.

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 1 g

Growth Rate: Slow[clxvi]

Mature Size: 6’ x 6’ (2 m x 2 m)[clxvii]

Life Expectancy: 60 years.[clxviii]

Root Type: Flat; stoloniferous. [clxix]

Water Preference: Can tolerate dry or wet soils. [clxx]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [clxxi]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 3 years.[clxxii]

Fertilization: “White, bell-shaped”[clxxiii] hermaphrodite flowers May to June. Bee-pollinated. Fruits ripen in August,[clxxiv] “62 days after flowering.”[clxxv] Self-fertile, but produces better with cross-pollination.[clxxvi] Leaves are red in fall, turning red-green in spring and blue-green in summer.[clxxvii]

Uses: Fruits can be eaten raw, cooked, dried, or preserved. The leaves and fruit can be used to make a tea.[clxxviii]

Origin: Native to eastern North America.[clxxix]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Blueberry tip borer, cherry fruitworm, cranberry fruit worm, plum curculio, powdery mildew, leaf spot.[clxxx]

Other: Vaccinium corymbosum is the “most common commercially-grown blueberry in North America.” [clxxxi], as well as in Britain.[clxxxii] The fruit has an extremely high iron content.[clxxxiii]

Name: Myrica pensylvanica (Northern Bayberry)

Number: 3

Location on site: Southwest border.

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 5 g

Growth Rate: Medium-fast. [clxxxiv]

Mature Size: 9’ 10’’ x 9’ 10’’ (3 m x 3 m)[clxxxv]

Life Expectancy: 5-20 years. [clxxxvi]

Root Type: Heart- or flat-rooted; stoloniferous. [clxxxvii]

Water Preference: Can tolerate dry or wet soils. [clxxxviii]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [clxxxix]

Other Maintenance:

Begins fruiting: 3-4 years. [cxc]

Fertilization: Flowers April to May. Fruits ripen in October. Wind-pollinated.[cxci]

Uses: Wrinkled fruits can be eaten raw or cooked. Leaves and fruit can also be used to flavor soups. A wax can be extracted from the berry and used to make candles or soap. The leaves can be used to make a green dye.[cxcii] The fruit is a strong attractant for the Yellow-Rumped Warbler. The plant is also salt tolerant, making it ideal for the western border of the WestCo site. The border lies adjacent to a path which is salted in the winter.

Origin: Native to eastern North America[cxciii] Early American settlers used the berry to make wax for candles and soap.[cxciv]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Notably resistant to most pests and diseases. [cxcv]

Other: Nitrogen-fixer. [cxcvi] General nectary. [cxcvii]

Name: Sambucus canadensis / Sambucus nigra spp. canadensis (American Elderberry)

Number: 1

Location on site: North of Persimmon.

Planting date: 06/18/12

Size at planting: 2 g

Growth Rate: Fast[cxcviii]

Mature Size: 6-12’ x 6-12’[cxcix] (2-3.5 x 2-3.5 m).

Life Expectancy: 6-10 years. [cc]

Root Type: Flat-rooted; suckering. [cci]
Water Preference: Can persist in dry or wet soils, but prefers wet. [ccii]

Sun Preference: Full or partial sun. [cciii]

Other Maintenance:

Begins fruiting: 2-4 years. [cciv]

Fertilization: Flowers in July. “Seeds ripen in September.” Insect-pollinated. [ccv] “Spreads by rhizomes, layering, and suckers as well as by sprouting new canes.”[ccvi]

Origin: Native to eastern North America.[ccviii] Sambucus canadensis was once so common it was called “Ditchweed” in many places throughout the northeast.[ccix]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Borers, cankers, leaf spots, powdery mildew. Relatively few pests or diseases.[ccx]

Other:

Name: Ribes rubrum / Ribes silvestre (Red Currant / Redcurrant)

Number: 1

Location on site: Northwest of Persimmon.

Planting date: 06/18/12

Size at planting: 2 g

Growth Rate: Medium. [ccxi]

Mature Size: 4’[ccxii] x 5’[ccxiii](1.2 m x 1.5 m)

Life Expectancy: Perennial[ccxiv]

Root Type: Flat-rooted. [ccxv]

Water Preference: Mesic soil. [ccxvi]

Sun Preference: Full or partial sun. [ccxvii]

Other Maintenance:

Begins fruiting: 3-4 years. [ccxviii]

Fertilization: Flowers April to May. Fruits July to August. Hermaphrodite flowers. Bee-/self-pollinated. Self-fertile. [ccxix]

Uses: Fruits can be eaten raw, cooked, or preserved (most often eaten cooked or preserved). Dyes can be made from the leaves (yellow) and berries (black). [ccxx]

Origin: Native to Western Europe. [ccxxi] Ribes rubrum cultivars were first produced in 17th century Belgium and Northern France.[ccxxii]

Notable Pests and Diseases: “Anthracnose, Blister Rust and Powdery Mildew.”[ccxxiii]

Other: In “German-speaking areas,” a drink named Johannisbeeren is made from a combination of red currants and soda water. The French jelly Bar-de-luc can also be made from red currants. [ccxxiv]

Forest Mimic

Trees

Name: Amelanchier canadensis (Canadian Serviceberry / Juneberry)

Number: 2

Location on site: north-center and north sections

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Medium[ccxxv]

Mature Size: 20-30’ x 10-15’ (6-9 m x 3-4.5 m)[ccxxvi]

Life Expectancy: 60 years. [ccxxvii]

Root Type: Heart-rooted. [ccxxviii]

Water Preference: Mesic soil.

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun.

Other Maintenance:

Begins fruiting: 2-3 years[ccxxix]

Fertilization: Self-fertile. White flowers in April. Fruits ripen in July.[ccxxx] Leaves turn red in fall.[ccxxxi]

Uses: Fruit can be eaten raw (immediately off of the tree), cooked, or dried.[ccxxxii] The fruits also attract beneficial birds and insects, such as the “American goldfinch, tufted titmice, brown thrashers, blue jays, Carolina chickadees, northern cardinals and American robins.” [ccxxxiii]

Origin: Native to Eastern North America and naturalized in Britain, Amelanchier canadensis was named and described by Carl Linnaeus.[ccxxxiv]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Rusts, scales, aphids, mildews. [ccxxxv]

Other: Many birds are particularly fond of Serviceberry fruits, so be sure to harvest the fruits often or protect them.[ccxxxvi]

Name: Betula papyrifera (Paper Birch / American White Birch)

Number: 1

Location on site: North of central beech tree

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Fast. [ccxxxvii]

Mature Size: 65’ x 16’ (20 m x 5 m).[ccxxxviii]

Life Expectancy: 80-120 years.[ccxxxix]

Root Type: Flat-rooted.[ccxl]

Water Preference: Mesic-moist (not saturated) soil. Like a lot of water. [ccxli]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [ccxlii]

Other Maintenance:

Begins seeding: 15 years[ccxliii]

Fertilization: Flowers between mid-April and early June. Seeds disperse throughout fall, winter, and spring.[ccxliv]

Uses: Sap can be made into Birch syrup. Bark can be used for paper, and is waterproof. [ccxlv]

Notable Pests and Diseases: “Birch dieback” and the Bronze Birch Borer (Agrilus anxius).[ccxlvi]

Origin: Paper Birch is native to the northern section of North America.[ccxlvii]

Other:

Name: Asimina triloba ‘Rebecca’s Gold’ (“Rebecca’s Gold” Paw Paw)

Number: 1

Location on site: SW of beech tree in center

Planting date:

Size at planting: 1.94 g

Mature Size: 14’ x 13’ (4.5 m x 4 m)[ccxlviii]

Life Expectancy:

Root Type: early-forming taproot; [ccxlix] heart, suckering. [ccl]

Water Preference: Mesic soil. [ccli]
Sun Preference: Sun or shade. [cclii]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 4-6 years[ccliii]

Begins fruiting: 4-6 years[ccliv]

Fertilization: Flowers May-June. “Seeds ripen in October.”[cclv] The leaves turn a golden-yellow in the fall.[cclvi] Paw Paws are generally not self-fertile; while flowers do produce both male and female parts, the female parts mature earlier than the male and do not result in fruit.[cclvii] The tree fruits better when two varieties are cross-pollinated. Pollination is often encouraged with fish emulsion or meat, which attracts pollinators by emphasizing the Paw Paw’s natural rotten smell.[cclviii]

Uses: Fruits (without skins) can be eaten raw or cooked. Fruits can be eaten either straight off the tree or after a period in storage. However, the fruit quickly goes bad, and so should be eaten soon after ripening.[cclix] Ripeness can be discerned by a softness, stronger smell, and slight color change in the fruit.[cclx] The tree also attracts beneficial insects such as the Zebra Swallowtail Butterfly, whose larvae feed exclusively on Paw Paw fruit.[cclxi]

Origin: The Paw Paw is native to much of the eastern part of the United States,[cclxii] and was cultivated by Native Americans for some time before its first documented sighting in 1541. The fruit is difficult to transport because of its short ripening period, but the tree has become particularly popular among organic farmers and in southeastern Ohio.[cclxiii] “Rebecca’s Gold” was first produced in Bellevue, Michigan in 1974.

Notable Pests and Diseases: The tree spreads both by root suckers and its fruit. Much of the tree has a foul smell, particularly the leaves when crushed.[cclxiv] The Paw Paw is the “largest fruit produced on North American trees.”[cclxv]

Other: The tree spreads both by root suckers and its fruit. Much of the tree has a foul smell, particularly the leaves when crushed. The Paw Paw is the “largest fruit produced on North American trees.”[cclxvi]

Name: Juniperus virginiana (Pencil Cedar / Eastern Red-Cedar / Eastern Juniper)

Number: 1

Location on site: Northeast; north of Paper Birch

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Slow.[cclxvii]

Mature Size: 65’ x 26’ (20 m x 8 m)[cclxviii]

Life Expectancy: 300 years.[cclxix]

Root Type: Flat-rooted.[cclxx]

Water Preference: Mesic to dry soil. [cclxxi]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [cclxxii]

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Flowers April to May. “Seeds ripen in October.” Requires pollination by another tree. Wind-pollinated.[cclxxiii]

Uses: Edible fruits. The tree attracts Cedar Waxwings, who improve seed germination when they eat the fruits,[cclxxiv] as well as 59 other species of birds.[cclxxv] They are also “anthelmintic, diuretic, rubefacient and stimulant.” Oil from the bark can be used to make soap and the leaves to make incense and insect repellent.[cclxxvi]

Origin: Native to central and eastern North America.[cclxxvii] Native Americans used the leaves as a medicine for the chest and skin,[cclxxviii] and used tree poles to divide hunting territories.[cclxxix]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Cedar-apple rust. [cclxxx]

Other: Although commonly called “cedar,” Juniperus virginiana is a juniper. The tree is used to make the wooden surrounding for pencils. The cedar needles also increase the pH of the soil below the tree when they fall. It also reduces nitrogen, carbon, and microbes in the soil[cclxxxi], so supplements (nitrogen-fixers, biochar, compost tea, etc.) are recommended.

Name: Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey Locust)

Number: 1

Location on site: North section

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Mature Size: 66’ x 49’ (20 m x 15 m)[cclxxxii]

Life Expectancy: 120 years.[cclxxxiii]

Root Type: Flat/heart/tap. [cclxxxiv]

Water Preference: Dry to wet soil. [cclxxxv]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [cclxxxvi]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 10 years. [cclxxxvii]

Fertilization: Yellow leaves in fall. Whitish flowers in late spring. Seeds in early autumn.[cclxxxviii] Insect-pollinated.[cclxxxix] Grazing animal-dispersal.[ccxc]

Uses: legume pod pulp can be eaten raw or “fermented to make a beer.”[ccxci] Seeds can be eaten raw, cooked, or roasted and used as a coffee substitute. Pods can be eaten cooked or steeped to make a tea. Medicinally, the tea can be used for “indigestion, measles, catarrh etc[222, 257]. The pod juice is also antiseptic.[ccxcii] While there is some debate, the tree is likely a nitrogen-fixer.[ccxciii] It also attracts many grazing mammals.[ccxciv]

Origin: Honey Locust is native to the Midwest and eastern North America.[ccxcv] Native Americans used the pulp of its fruit to sweeten and thicken other foods. However, the raw fruit is now thought to be slightly toxic.[ccxcvi]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Canker.[ccxcvii]

Other: Salt tolerant.[ccxcviii] General nectary. [ccxcix]

Name: Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple)

Number: 1

Location on site: North section

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Slow in cultivation. Fast in wild.[ccc]

Mature Size: 50-80’ x 30-50’ (15-24 m x 9-15 m)

Life Expectancy: 300-400 years.[ccci]

Root Type: Flat/heart. [cccii]

Water Preference: Mesic soil. [ccciii]

Sun Preference: Full sun to full shade. [ccciv]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Production: 10-15 years (for sap).[cccv]

Fertilization: Flowers April to May. Seeds ripen October to December.[cccvi] Yellow to orange-red leaves in fall.[cccvii]

Uses: Sap can be drunk plain or boiled and made into a syrup. Sap is harvested late winter to early spring. Seeds can also be eaten boiled with the wings detached. In early spring, seedlings can be eaten fresh. Inner bark, dried and ground into a powder, can be used in breads or as a thickener. Medicinally, the inner bark can also be used to make a tea that is a “blood tonic, diuretic and expectorant[222]….used in the treatment of coughs, diarrhoea etc[222].” Leaves can also be used as packaging for other fruits or vegetables on-site.[cccviii]

Origin: The Sugar Maple is native to eastern North America.[cccix]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Verticillium wilt. Bacterial leaf scorch.[cccx] Pollution is particularly detrimental to Acer saccharum.[cccxi]

Other: Salt-sensitive. Sugar maple is the primary source of maple syrup in North America. It is notably shade-tolerant.[cccxii]

Name:Castanea dentata x mollissima (15/16 American Chestnut, 1/16 Chinese Chestnut)

Number: 1

Location on site: north section

Planting date:

Size at planting: seedling

Growth Rate: Medium[cccxiii]

Mature Size: 98’ x 49’ (30 m x 15 m)[cccxiv]

Life Expectancy: 200-800 years (up to 1,000).[cccxv]

Root Type: Tap-rooted (Castanea dentata). [cccxvi]

Water Preference: Dry to mesic soil. [cccxvii]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun (Castanea dentata); full sun (Castanea mollisima). [cccxviii]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Production: 3-7 years.[cccxix]

Fertilization: Flowers in July. Seeds ripen in October.[cccxx]

Uses: Seeds can be eaten raw, cooked, dried and ground, or roasted for use as a coffee or chocolate substitute.[cccxxi] The tannic acid from the tree’s bark was also traditionally used in leather tanning.[cccxxii]

Origin: American Chestnut was once cultivated throughout North America, although most popular in the eastern United States. However, the Chestnut Blight of the early 1900s drastically decreased the chestnut’s population. By the mid-20th century, the tree had been wiped out in most of its native range.[cccxxiii] The tree is slowly being repopulated in its native areas, particularly through a hybridization with a small percentage of the blight-resistant Castanea mollissima, or Chinese Chestnut (as in this tree).

Notable Pests and Diseases: Chestnut blight.[cccxxiv]

Other:

Name: Fagus grandifolia (American Beech)

Number: 1

Location on site: Southern border, west of Persimmon.

Planting date: N/A.

Size at planting: N/A.

Growth Rate: Medium.[cccxxv]

Mature Size: 50-75’ x 40-60’ (15-23 m x 12 x 18 m)[cccxxvi]

Life Expectancy: 50-75’ x 40-60’ (

Root Type: Flat- or heart-rooted; suckers. [cccxxvii]

Water Preference: Mesic soil. [cccxxviii]

Sun Preference: Full, partial, or no sun. [cccxxix]

Other Maintenance: The beeches on-site have beech bark disease and are likely going to be removed in the near future. Until that time, they are self-sustaining.

Begins Fruiting: 2-4 years.[cccxxx]

Uses: Very young leaves edible raw or cooked. Seeds edible in small quantities or used to make flour or coffee substitute. [cccxxxi]

Fertilization: Flowers April to May. Seeds ripen October to November. Monoecious flowers. Large quantities of seeds are produced every 2-3 years. [cccxxxii]

Pests and Diseases: Aphids, flat-headed appletree borer, two-lined chestnut borer, powdery mildew, bleeding canker, beech bark disease.

Other: Beech makes one of the finer charcoals for art purposes. [cccxxxiii]

Shrubs

Name: Hamamelis virginiana (Witch-hazel)

Number: 1

Location on site: west of north rain garden.

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 3 g

Growth Rate: Slow[cccxxxiv]

Mature Size: 16’ x 16’ (5 m x 5 m).[cccxxxv]

Life Expectancy: “Long.”[cccxxxvi]

Root Type: Shallow-rooted.[cccxxxvii]

Water Preference: Mesic soil. [cccxxxviii]

Sun Preference: Can tolerate full to partial sun (prefers full). [cccxxxix]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Production: “Several years.” [cccxl]

Fertilization: Yellow, rarely orange-red[cccxli] flowers September to November after leaves. Seeds ripen August to September. Hermaphrodite flowers.[cccxlii]

Uses: Seeds can be eaten raw or cooked. Medicinally, the bark can be used to “heal wounds, treat tumours, eye problems, etc.”[cccxliii] Native Americans used the bark and leaves to alleviate inflamation.[cccxliv]

Origin: Native to eastern North America.[cccxlv]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Notably pest-resistant. Witch hazel leaf gall aphid, witch hazel weevil. [cccxlvi]

Other: Witch-hazel stems are often used for dowsing (determining the location of water through stick divination).[cccxlvii] Witch Hazel is also a popular Disney character (who is, coincidentally, a witch).[cccxlviii]

Name: Vaccinium angustifolium (Low Sweet Blueberry)

Number: 5

Location on site: Three surrounding sugar maple: one to west, one to northwest, one on burm to east. Two on burm northeast of sugar maple, south of elderberry.

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 1 g

Growth Rate: Slow[cccxlix]

Mature Size: 2’ x 2’ (0.6 m x 0.6 m)[cccl]

Life Expectancy: 60 years.[cccli]

Root Type:

Water Preference:

Sun Preference:

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 2 years. (Most potted plants will fruit their first year after purchase, but smaller ones will establish much better if prevented from fruiting their first two years.)[ccclii]

Fertilization: Purple leaves in fall.[cccliii] Flowers May to June. Seeds ripen July. Hermaphrodite flowers. Insect-pollinated.[cccliv]

Uses: Fruits can be eaten raw, cooked, dried, preserved, or made into a jam. The leaves can be used to make a tea.[ccclv]

Origin: Native to northeastern North America.[ccclvi]

Notable Pests and Diseases:

Other: Vaccinium angustifolium sellers often harvest the berry from wild patches. The berry is also fire-resistant, and it is a common technique to burn the patches every few years in order to replenish the soil and destroy less fire-resistant weeds. Native Americans in the northeast also traditionally followed this practice.[ccclvii]

The plant is the state fruit of Maine.[ccclviii]

Name: Vaccinium corymbosum (Highbush Blueberry / American Blueberry[ccclix])

Number: 2

Location on site: One to west of Persimmon; one to northwest of Persimmon.

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 1 g

Growth Rate: Slow[ccclx]

Mature Size: 6’ x 6’ (2 m x 2 m)[ccclxi]

Life Expectancy: 60 years.[ccclxii]

Root Type: Flat; stoloniferous. [ccclxiii]

Water Preference: Can tolerate dry or wet soils. [ccclxiv]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [ccclxv]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 3 years.[ccclxvi]

Fertilization: “White, bell-shaped”[ccclxvii] hermaphrodite flowers May to June. Bee-pollinated. Fruits ripen in August,[ccclxviii] “62 days after flowering.”[ccclxix] Self-fertile, but produces better with cross-pollination.[ccclxx] Leaves are red in fall, turning red-green in spring and blue-green in summer.[ccclxxi]

Uses: Fruits can be eaten raw, cooked, dried, or preserved. The leaves and fruit can be used to make a tea.[ccclxxii]

Origin: Native to eastern North America.[ccclxxiii]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Blueberry tip borer, cherry fruitworm, cranberry fruit worm, plum curculio, powdery mildew, leaf spot.[ccclxxiv]

Other: Vaccinium corymbosum is the “most common commercially-grown blueberry in North America.” [ccclxxv], as well as in Britain.[ccclxxvi] The fruit has an extremely high iron content.[ccclxxvii]

Name: Ilex verticillata (Winterberry / Red Winterberry) (Male)

Number: 2

Location on site: Northwest of northern Serviceberry; southwest of northern Serviceberry.

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 3 g

Growth Rate: Slow. [ccclxxviii]

Mature Size: 5-9’ x 4-7’[ccclxxix]

Life Expectancy:”Moderate.”[ccclxxx]

Root Type: Flat-rooted.[ccclxxxi] Suckering. [ccclxxxii]

Water Preference: Mesic to wet soil. [ccclxxxiii]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. [ccclxxxiv]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 3-4 years.[ccclxxxv]

Fertilization: Flowers May to June. Seeds ripen October. Requires fertilization by plant of opposite sex to produce berries. Bee-pollinated.[ccclxxxvi]

Uses: Bark is “antiseptic, astringent, cathartic and tonic.”[ccclxxxvii]

Origin: Winterberry is native to eastern North America.[ccclxxxviii] “Jim Dandy” is a male cultivar used to pollinate similar female cultivars. [ccclxxxix]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Leaf spots, powdery mildew. Largely pest and disease-resistant.[cccxc]

Other:

Name: Ilex verticillata (Winterberry / Red Winterberry) (Female)

Number: 1

Location on site: Southwest section, halfway between northern Serviceberry and Pencil Cedar.

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 2 g

Growth Rate: Slow. [cccxci]

Mature Size: 5-9’ x 4-7’[cccxcii]

Life Expectancy:”Moderate.”[cccxciii]

Root Type: Flat-rooted.[cccxciv] Suckering. [cccxcv]

Water Preference: Mesic to wet soil. [cccxcvi]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. [cccxcvii]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 3-4 years.[cccxcviii]

Fertilization: Flowers May to June. Seeds ripen October. Requires fertilization by plant of opposite sex to produce berries. Bee-pollinated.[cccxcix]

Uses: Bark is “antiseptic, astringent, cathartic and tonic.”[cd]

Origin: Winterberry is native to eastern North America.[cdi]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Leaf spots, powdery mildew. Largely pest and disease-resistant.[cdii]

Other:

Name: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Common Bearberry / Kinnikinnik)

Number: 2

Location on site: One each to north and south of northern Serviceberry.

Planting date: 06/18/12

Size at planting: 1 g

Growth Rate: Medium.[cdiii]

Mature Size: 4’’ x 3’3’’[cdiv]

Life Expectancy: Long.

Root Type: Flat-rooted. [cdv]

Water Preference: Dry to mesic soil. [cdvi]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [cdvii]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting:

Fertilization: White bell-shaped[cdviii] Flowers April to July. Red fruits July to September. Hermaphrodite flowers. Bee-/Self-pollinated. Self-fertile. [cdix]

Uses: Fruits can be eaten raw, cooked, dried, or preserved (preferable cooked). A tea can be made from the plant’s dried leaves. Bearberry was widely used by Native American tribes, and is considered “one of the best natural urinary antiseptics.” It has also been used externally to treat rashes and sores. The leaves were occasionally smoked in place of tobacco. Dyes can be made from the leaves and fruits. The fruits can be used to waterproof woven baskets. [cdx]

Origin: Native to Northern North America, Britain, Northern Europe, and Northern Asia. [cdxi]

Notable Pests and Diseases: “Exobasidium bud and leaf galls. Susceptible to various fungal diseases on leaves, stems, and fruit.”[cdxii]

Other: A type of manzanita, Bearberry occurs in regions as diverse as arctic Alaska, Norway, and Siberia south to coastal California.

Perennials

Name: Rudbeckia hirta (Black-Eyed Susan)

Number: 4

Location on site: Four surrounding sugar maple: one each to northwest, southwest, southeast, and northeast.

Planting date: 06/18/12

Size at planting: 24’’

Growth Rate: Medium.[cdxiii]

Mature Size: 2-5’[cdxiv] x 18-24’’[cdxv] (0.6 m – 1.5 m x 0.45 m x 0.6 m)

Life Expectancy: Usually one year (sometime two years or more). Plant will reseed itself after first year.[cdxvi]

Root Type: Tap-rooted. No rhizomes.[cdxvii]

Water Preference: Drought-tolerant. [cdxviii] Prefers mesic to dry soils. [cdxix]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [cdxx]

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Yellow flowers with black centers mid-summer to early fall.[cdxxi] Seeds ripen late summer to fall.[cdxxii] Reseeds first year. [cdxxiii]

Uses: Attracts beneficial insects such as butterflies and hummingbirds.[cdxxiv]

Origin: Native to North America. The genus is named after Olaus Rudbeck, a professor of Carl Linnaeus at the University of Uppsala, Sweden.[cdxxv]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Powdery mildew, [cdxxvi] goldenglow sawfly, four-lined plant bug, downy mildew, leaf spots, white smut, verticillium wilt. [cdxxvii]

Other: Drought-resistant.[cdxxviii] Black-Eyed Susan is the state flower of Maryland.[cdxxix] Aggressive; may begin to invade surrounding areas. [cdxxx]

Name: Baptisia australis (Blue Wild Indigo / Blue False Indigo)

Number: 4

Location on site: Four surrounding sugar maple. Two to south. One each to west and north.

Planting date: 06/18/12

Size at planting: 1 g

Growth Rate: Medium.[cdxxxi]

Mature Size: 5’ x 2’ (1.5 m x 0.6 m). [cdxxxii]

Life Expectancy: 3-10 years.[cdxxxiii]

Root Type: Tap-rooted. [cdxxxiv]

Water Preference: Dry to mesic soil. [cdxxxv]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. [cdxxxvi]

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Flowers July to August. Seeds ripen August to September. [cdxxxvii]

Uses: Nitrogen-fixer. Flowers can be crushed to make blue dye [cdxxxviii]. This practice was commonly enacted by the Cherokees and early settlers. The latter also used the plant to make a tea which served as a purgative, vomit-preventer, and pain-reliever. [cdxxxix]

Origin: Native to eastern and central North America. [cdxl]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Weevils in seed pods. [cdxli]

Other:

South Rain Garden]

Trees

Name: Salix purpurea ‘Canyon Blue’ (Canyon Blue Arctic Willow)

Number: 2

Location on site: south of southeast rain garden; northwest of north rain garden.

Planting date:

Size at planting: 3.6 g

Growth Rate: Fast.[cdxlii]

Mature Size: 4-5’ x 3-4’[cdxliii]

Life Expectancy:

Root Type:

Water Preference: Wet soil. [cdxliv]

Sun Preference: Full sun.[cdxlv]

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Red to violet flowers or catkins in spring.[cdxlvi]

Uses: Very good water absorber, making it ideal for its placement beside the rain gardens. [cdxlvii]

Origin: “Canyon Blue” is native to Europe and Central Asia, as well as the northernmost part of Africa. [cdxlviii]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Notably resistant to pests and diseases.

Other:

Shrubs

Name: Rhododendron viscosum (Swamp Azalea)

Number: 6

Location on site: 3 on south edge of southeast rain garden.

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Medium. [cdxlix]

Mature Size: 5’ x 12’.[cdl]

Fertilization: White flowers in summer. Leaves turn red in fall.[cdli]

Life Expectancy: “Moderate.”[cdlii]

Root Type:

Water Preference: Moist soil. [cdliii]

Sun Preference: “Full sun (if near water), otherwise partial sun to shade.” [cdliv]

Other Maintenance:

Uses: Attracts beneficial insects such as butterflies, bees and hummingbirds.[cdlv] All parts are toxic to humans.[cdlvi]

Origin: Native to the eastern United States.[cdlvii]

Notable Pests and Diseases: “Vine weevil, whitefly, leafhoppers, lacebugs, scale, caterpillars, aphids. Powdery mildew, rust, bud blast, leaf gall, petal blight, root rot, and chlorosis.”[cdlviii]

Other:

Name: Clethra alnifolia (Spicebush / Summersweet Clethra / Sweet Pepperbush[cdlix])

Number: 3

Location on site: Two in southern section of south rain garden. One in northern section of south rain garden.

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Slow.[cdlx]

Mature Size: 8’ x 8’ (2.5 m x 2.5 m).[cdlxi]

Life Expectancy: 5-20 years (moderate).[cdlxii]

Root Type:

Water Preference: Mesic to wet soil. [cdlxiii]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. [cdlxiv]

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Flowers August to September. Seeds ripen in October. Bee-pollinated.[cdlxv]

Uses: Blossom stalk can be used as soap substitute. Wildlife-attractant.[cdlxvi]

Origin: Native to eastern North America.[cdlxvii]

Notable Pests and Diseases:

Other:

Name: Clethra alnifolia ‘Ruby Spice’ (“Ruby Spice” Spicebush / Clethra)

Number: 3

Location on site: Two in southern section of south rain garden. One in northern section of south rain garden.

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Slow.[cdlxviii]

Mature Size: 8’ x 8’ (2.5 m x 2.5 m).[cdlxix]

Life Expectancy: 5-20 years (moderate).[cdlxx]

Root Type:

Water Preference: Mesic to wet soil. [cdlxxi]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. [cdlxxii]

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Flowers August to September. Seeds ripen in October. Bee-pollinated.[cdlxxiii]

Uses: Blossom stalk can be used as soap substitute. Wildlife-attractant.[cdlxxiv]

Origin: Native to eastern North America.[cdlxxv]

Notable Pests and Diseases:

Other:

Perennials

Name: Rudbeckia hirta (Rudbeckia fulgida ‘Goldsturm’) (Black-Eyed Susan)

Number: 10

Location on site: Five in southern section of south rain garden. Five in northern section of south rain garden.

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Medium.[cdlxxvi]

Mature Size: 24’’ x 18-24’’.[cdlxxvii]

Life Expectancy: Usually one year (sometime two years or more). Plant will reseed itself after first year.[cdlxxviii]

Root Type:

Water Preference:

Sun Preference:

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Yellow flowers with black centers mid-summer to early fall.[cdlxxix] Seeds ripen late summer to fall.[cdlxxx]

Uses: Attracts beneficial insects such as butterflies and hummingbirds.[cdlxxxi]

Origin: Native to North America. The genus is named after Olaus Rudbeck, a professor of Carl Linnaeus at the University of Uppsala, Sweden.[cdlxxxii]

Notable Pests and Diseases:

Other: Drought-resistant.[cdlxxxiii] Black-Eyed Susan is the state flower of Maryland.[cdlxxxiv]

Name: Boltonia asteroides (False Chamomile / White Doll’s Daisy)

Number: 4

Location on site: central section of south rain garden

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Fast.[cdlxxxv]

Mature Size: 3-6’ x 1-3’[cdlxxxvi]

Life Expectancy: “Moderate.”[cdlxxxvii]

Root Type:

Water Preference: Mesic to wet soil.[cdlxxxviii]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun.

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Flowers summer to fall.[cdlxxxix]

Uses: Attracts butterflies.[cdxc]

Origin: Native to eastern North America, Oregon, and Idaho. [cdxci]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Powdery mildew.[cdxcii]

Other: This plant is endangered in Maryland and Pennsylvania. [cdxciii]

Name: Ilex verticillata ‘Jim Dandy’ (“Jim Dandy” Winterberry / Red Winterberry)

Number: 1

Location on site: central section of south rain garden

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Slow. [cdxciv]

Mature Size: 5-9’ x 4-7’[cdxcv]

Life Expectancy:”Moderate.”[cdxcvi]

Root Type: Flat-rooted.[cdxcvii] Suckering. [cdxcviii]

Water Preference: Mesic to wet soil. [cdxcix]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. [d]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 3-4 years.[di]

Fertilization: Flowers May to June. Seeds ripen October. Requires fertilization by plant of opposite sex to produce berries. Bee-pollinated.[dii]

Uses: Bark is “antiseptic, astringent, cathartic and tonic.”[diii]

Origin: Winterberry is native to eastern North America.[div] “Jim Dandy” is a male cultivar used to pollinate similar female cultivars. [dv]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Leaf spots, powdery mildew. Largely pest and disease-resistant.[dvi]

Other:

Name: Liatris spicata ‘Kobold Blue’ (Kobold Blue Liatris / Gayfeather[dvii])

Number: 5

Location on site: central section of south rain garden

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Medium. [dviii]

Mature Size: 24’’ x 12-18’’[dix]

Life Expectancy: Perennial. [dx]

Root Type: Deep-rooted. [dxi]

Water Preference: Mesic soils. Tolerates drought and wet soils. [dxii]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [dxiii] Full to partial sun.

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Violet flowers mid-summer to early fall. [dxiv]

Uses: Attracts butterflies, bees, and other beneficial insects. [dxv]

Origin: Native to eastern and central North America. [dxvi]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Slugs, snails, leaf spot, rot, rust. [dxvii]

Other:

Name: Asclepias incarnata (Swamp Milkweed / Rose Milkweed / Indian Hemp[dxviii])

Number: 1

Location on site: South rain garden.

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: Sub Cinder….?

Growth Rate: Moderate.[dxix]

Mature Size: 4’ x (1.2 m x [dxx]

Life Expectancy: 2-5 years (up to 20 years in wild). [dxxi]

Root Type: Tap-rooted. [dxxii]

Water Preference: Wet to mesic soil. [dxxiii]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. [dxxiv]

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Flowers June to August. “Seeds ripen in September.” Self-fertile. [dxxv]

Uses: Flower buds, shoots, and young seed pods are edible when cooked. [dxxvi] Roots can also be steeped to make a purifying and parasitic worm-destroying tea. [dxxvii] The plant is a wildlife and butterfly attractant.[dxxviii] It is also an insect repellant [dxxix] and can trap them. [dxxx]

Origin: Native to south, southwest, central, and eastern North America. [dxxxi]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Slugs. [dxxxii]

Other: Asclepias incarnata is one of the few major attractors of the Monarch Butterfly. [dxxxiii]

Name: Chelone glabra (False Turtlehead / White Turtlehead / Balmony)

Number: 5

Location on site: northern section of south rain garden

Planting date:

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Medium.[dxxxiv]

Mature Size: 3’ 3’’ x 1’ 8’’(1 m x 0.5 m)[dxxxv]

Life Expectancy: 3-10 years.[dxxxvi]

Root Type: Tap-rooted; rhizomes.[dxxxvii]

Water Preference: Wet to mesic soil.

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun.

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Perennial. White tubular flowers July to October. Hermaphrodite flowers. [dxxxviii]

Uses: Chelone glabra was widely used medicinally by Native American tribes. While it is used “mainly as a tonic for the liver and digestive system[238],” it is also “anti-depressant and laxative…. antibilious, aperient, appetizer, cathartic, cholagogue, detergent, tonic, vermifuge…. used internally in the treatment of consumption, debility, diseases of the liver, gallbladder problems, gallstones etc…. [and] used to relieve nausea and vomiting, intestinal colic and to expel worms….” It is also used to relieve inflamed tissue and similar problems. [dxxxix]

Chelone glabra also attracts butterflies, hummingbirds, and other beneficial animals,[dxl] including the Baltimore Checkerspot Butterfly, which feeds almost exclusively on Turtlehead.

Origin: Chelone glabra is native to eastern North America. [dxli] The genus name comes from the Greek word meaning tortoise, and refers to the flowers’ resemblance to the animal.[dxlii] Its species name comes from the Latin word meaning “smooth,” and refers to the texture of the plant’s stems and leaves. “In Greek mythology, there was a nymph named Chelone who insulted the gods; in punishment, she was turned into a turtle.”[dxliii]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Mildew. Notably pest and disease resistant.[dxliv]

Other:

North Rain Garden

Trees

Name: Salix purpurea ‘Canyon Blue’ (Canyon Blue Arctic Willow)

Number: 2

Location on site: south of southeast rain garden; northwest of north rain garden.

Planting date:

Size at planting: 3.6 g

Growth Rate: Fast.[dxlv]

Mature Size: 4-5’ x 3-4’[dxlvi]

Life Expectancy:

Root Type:

Water Preference: Wet soil. [dxlvii]

Sun Preference: Full sun.[dxlviii]

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Red to violet flowers or catkins in spring.[dxlix]

Uses: Very good water absorber, making it ideal for its placement beside the rain gardens. [dl]

Origin: “Canyon Blue” is native to Europe and Central Asia, as well as the northernmost part of Africa. [dli]

Notable Pests and Diseases:

Shrubs

Name: Sambucus canadensis / Sambucus nigra spp. canadensis (American Elderberry)

Number: 1

Location on site: just south of north rain garden.

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 3 g

Growth Rate: Fast[dlii]

Mature Size: 6-12’ x 6-12’[dliii] (2-3.5 x 2-3.5 m).

Life Expectancy: 6-10 years. [dliv]

Root Type: Flat-rooted; suckering. [dlv]
Water Preference: Can persist in dry or wet soils, but prefers wet. [dlvi]

Sun Preference: Full or partial sun. [dlvii]

Other Maintenance:

Begins fruiting: 2-4 years. [dlviii]

Fertilization: Flowers in July. “Seeds ripen in September.” Insect-pollinated. [dlix] “Spreads by rhizomes, layering, and suckers as well as by sprouting new canes.”[dlx]

Origin: Native to eastern North America.[dlxii] Sambucus canadensis was once so common it was called “Ditchweed” in many places throughout the northeast.[dlxiii]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Borers, cankers, leaf spots, powdery mildew. Relatively few pests or diseases.[dlxiv]

Other:

Perennials

Name: Aruncus dioicus (Goat’s Beard / Bride’s Feathers)

Number: 6

Location on site:

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 1 g.

Growth Rate: Fast. [dlxv]

Mature Size: 6’ x 9’ (2 m x 3 m).[dlxvi]

Life Expectancy: Long.[dlxvii]

Root Type: Tap-rooted. [dlxviii]

Water Preference: Mesic to wet soil. [dlxix][dlxx]

Sun Preference: Full sun to full shade.

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Dioecious. Flowers June to August. Bee-fertilized. [dlxxi]

Uses: Young shoots are edible when boiled. Effective ground cover and weed barrier. [dlxxii] Origin: Native to Eastern North America, Europe, and Asia. [dlxxiii]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Leaf spot. Notably pest and disease resistant.[dlxxiv]

Other:

Name: Liatris spicata (Liatris)

Number: 6

Location on site: central section of north rain garden.

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 1 g

Growth Rate: Medium. [dlxxv]

Mature Size: 24’’ x 12-18’’[dlxxvi]

Life Expectancy: Perennial. [dlxxvii]

Root Type: Deep-rooted. [dlxxviii]

Water Preference: Mesic soils. Tolerates drought and wet soils. [dlxxix]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [dlxxx] Full to partial sun.

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Violet flowers mid-summer to early fall. [dlxxxi]

Uses: Attracts butterflies, bees, and other beneficial insects. [dlxxxii]

Origin: Native to eastern and central North America. [dlxxxiii]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Slugs, snails, leaf spot, rot, rust. [dlxxxiv]

Other:

Name: Baptisia australis (Blue Wild Indigo / Blue False Indigo)

Number: 6

Location on site:

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 1 g

Growth Rate: Medium.[dlxxxv]

Mature Size: 5’ x 2’ (1.5 m x 0.6 m). [dlxxxvi]

Life Expectancy: 3-10 years.[dlxxxvii]

Root Type: Tap-rooted. [dlxxxviii]

Water Preference: Dry to mesic soil. [dlxxxix]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. [dxc]

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Flowers July to August. Seeds ripen August to September. [dxci]

Uses: Nitrogen-fixer. Flowers can be crushed to make blue dye [dxcii]. This practice was commonly enacted by the Cherokees and early settlers. The latter also used the plant to make a tea which served as a purgative, vomit-preventer, and pain-reliever. [dxciii]

Origin: Native to eastern and central North America. [dxciv]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Weevils in seed pods. [dxcv]

Other:

Name: Asclepias incarnata (Swamp Milkweed / Rose Milkweed / Indian Hemp[dxcvi])

Number: 1

Location on site: North rain garden

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: Sub Cinder….?

Growth Rate: Moderate.[dxcvii]

Mature Size: 4’ x (1.2 m x [dxcviii]

Life Expectancy: 2-5 years (up to 20 years in wild). [dxcix]

Root Type: Tap-rooted. [dc]

Water Preference: Wet to mesic soil. [dci]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. [dcii]

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Flowers June to August. “Seeds ripen in September.” Self-fertile. [dciii]

Uses: Flower buds, shoots, and young seed pods are edible when cooked. [dciv] Roots can also be steeped to make a purifying and parasitic worm-destroying tea. [dcv] The plant is a wildlife and butterfly attractant.[dcvi] It is also an insect repellant [dcvii] and can trap them. [dcviii]

Origin: Native to south, southwest, central, and eastern North America. [dcix]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Slugs. [dcx]

Other: Asclepias incarnata is one of the few major attractors of the Monarch Butterfly. [dcxi]

Name: Ilex glabra (Inkberry / Evergreen Winterberry / Gallberry)

Number: 6

Location on site:

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 3 g

Growth Rate: Slow.[dcxii]

Mature Size: 9’ x 6’ (3 m x 2 m)[dcxiii]

Life Expectancy: Long.[dcxiv]

Root Type: Stoloniferous. [dcxv]

Water Preference: Mesic soil.

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun.

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: Dioecious. Bee-pollinated. Not self-fertile. Evergreen. [dcxvi]

Uses: Dried roasted leaves can be steeped to make a caffeinated tea. [dcxvii]

Origin: Native to eastern North America. [dcxviii]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Phytophthora cinnamomi root rot.[dcxix]

Other:

Name: Cornus alba ‘Elegantissima’ (Redtwig Dogwood / Cream-edge Tatarian Dogwood)

Number: 6

Location on site: Three on north end of north rain garden. Three on south end of north rain garden.

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 2 g?

Growth Rate: Medium.[dcxx]

Mature Size: 6-8’ x 4-6’ (1.8-2.4 m x 1.2-1.8 m). [dcxxi]

Life Expectancy: Perennial. [dcxxii]

Root Type: Flat-rooted. [dcxxiii]

Water Preference: Prefers wet soil, but tolerates dry to wet soils. [dcxxiv]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. [dcxxv]

Other Maintenance:

Fertilization: White flowers late spring to summer. White berries. [dcxxvi] Stems turn red in winter.[dcxxvii]

Uses: Very good water absorber.

Origin: “Native to Siberia and Northern China.” [dcxxviii]

Notable Pests and Diseases: “Spot anthracnose (dogwood blight), powdery mildew, Discula blight, canker, bacterial leaf spot, and mushroom root rot can occur, while twig borers, weevils, sawfly, scale insects, aphids, leafhoppers, root knot nematodes, and thrips.” [dcxxix]

Other:

Name: Ilex verticillata ( Winterberry / Red Winterberry (Female))

Number: 1

Location on site: central section of north rain garden.

Planting date: 06/11/12

Size at planting: 2 g.

Growth Rate: Slow. [dcxxx]

Mature Size: 5-9’ x 4-7’[dcxxxi]

Life Expectancy:”Moderate.”[dcxxxii]

Root Type: Flat-rooted.[dcxxxiii] Suckering. [dcxxxiv]

Water Preference: Mesic to wet soil. [dcxxxv]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. [dcxxxvi]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 3-4 years.[dcxxxvii]

Fertilization: Flowers May to June. Seeds ripen October. Requires fertilization by plant of opposite sex to produce berries. Bee-pollinated.[dcxxxviii]

Uses: Bark is “antiseptic, astringent, cathartic and tonic.”[dcxxxix]

Origin: Winterberry is native to eastern North America.[dcxl]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Leaf spots, powdery mildew. Largely pest and disease-resistant.[dcxli]

Other:

Salt Tolerant Shrub Border

Name: Rubus fruticosus (American Blackberry)

Number: 1

Location on site: Northeast edge of shrub border.

Planting date: 06/24/12

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Fast. [i]

Mature Size: 9’ x 9’ (2.75 x 2.75 m) [ii]

Life Expectancy: 2-3 years. Suckers and produces side shoots.[iii] Shoots are biennial, growing their first year and fruiting their seond.[iv]

Root Type: Suckering.[v]

Water Preference:

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun.

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: Two years.[vi]

Fertilization: Flowers May to September. Fruits ripen “late July to November.” Hermaphrodite flowers. Insect-pollinated. Apomictic. Self-fertile.[vii] Fruit is aggregate; it is made up of many small individual drupelets (fleshy fruit around a single seed).[viii]

Uses: Fruits can be eaten raw, cooked in pies, pastries, etc., or made into preserves. Young roots can be eaten cooked. Young shoots can be eaten raw. Young leaves can be steeped in hot water to make a tea. [ix]

Origin: Native to Europe.[x]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Drosophila suzukii (spotted-wing drosophila, a species of vinegar fly), aphids, Japanese beetle, orange tortrix, raspberry crown borer, red-necked cane borer, spider mite, strawberry weevil, anthracnose, bortyris fruit rot, bushy dwarf virus, cane blight, crown gall, downy mildew, late leaf rust, orange rust, spur blight, verticilium wilt.[xi]

Other:

Name: Berberis canadensis (American Barberry, Allegheny Barberry)

Number:

Location on site: Northeast edge of shrub border.

Planting date: 06/24/12.

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Medium.[xii]

Mature Size: 6’ (1.8 m)[xiii]

Life Expectancy: Perennial.[xiv]

Root Type: Rhyzomatic.[xv]

Water Preference:

Sun Preference: Full sun to light shade.[xvi]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: Two years.[xvii]

Fertilization: Flowers in May. “Seed ripen in August.” Hermaphrodite flowers. Insect-, self-pollinated. Self-fertile. [xviii]

Origin: Native to Europe.[xx]

Other:

Name: Atriplex nuttallii (Nuttall Saltbush)

Location on site: Northeast edge of shrub border.

Planting date: 06/24/12.

Size at planting: 4

Growth Rate: Slow. [xxii]

Mature Size: 3’ (0.9 m) [xxiii]

Life Expectancy: Annual stems on perennial woody base. [xxiv]

Root Type: 20’’-deep roots. [xxv]

Water Preference: Dry to moist soil. [xxvi]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [xxvii]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: N/A.

Fertilization: Flowers July to August. Dioecious. Wind-pollinated. Not self-fertile. [xxviii]

Uses: Leaves and stems can be eaten cooked. Seeds can be cooked and ground into meal, or mixed with flour when baking. Plant has a salty flavour. [xxix]

Origin: Native to western North America. [xxx]

Notable Pests and Diseases:

Other:

Name: Lindera benzoin (Spicebush, Northern Spicebush, Benjaminbush [xxxi])

Location on site:

Planting date: 06/24/12.

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Slow. [xxxii]

Mature Size: 9’ x 9’ (3 m x 3 m) [xxxiii]

Life Expectancy: Annual stems on perennial woody base. [xxxiv]

Root Type: 18’’-deep roots. [xxxv]

Water Preference: Moist soil. [xxxvi]

Sun Preference: Full sun to partial shade. [xxxvii]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: N/A.

Fertilization: Flowers in April. “Seeds ripen from August to September.” [xxxviii] Leaves change color to yellow in fall. [xxxix] Dioecious. Not self-fertile. Deciduous. [xl]

Uses: Fruit and leaves can be used as spice. An oil can be retrieved from the young leaves, twigs, and fruit. It can be used as is or made into a tea. Bark can be chewed on, and is used to treat coughs and colds. It is “aromatic, astringent, diaphoretic, febrifuge, stimulant, and tonic.”[xli]

Origin: Native to eastern North America. [xlii] Bird (especially wood thrush), deer, rabbit, raccoon, opossum, and butterfly (especially Papilio troilus – spicebush swallowtail) attractant. [xliii]

Notable Pests and Diseases:

Other:

Name: Vaccinium corymbosum (Highbush Blueberry / American Blueberry [xliv])

Number: 5

Location on site:

Planting date: 06/24/12

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Slow[xlv]

Mature Size: 6’ x 6’ (2 m x 2 m)[xlvi]

Life Expectancy: 60 years.[xlvii]

Root Type: Flat; stoloniferous. [xlviii]

Water Preference: Can tolerate dry or wet soils. [xlix]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [l]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 3 years.[li]

Fertilization: “White, bell-shaped”[lii] hermaphrodite flowers May to June. Bee-pollinated. Fruits ripen in August,[liii] “62 days after flowering.”[liv] Self-fertile, but produces better with cross-pollination.[lv] Leaves are red in fall, turning red-green in spring and blue-green in summer.[lvi]

Uses: Fruits can be eaten raw, cooked, dried, or preserved. The leaves and fruit can be used to make a tea.[lvii]

Origin: Native to eastern North America.[lviii]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Blueberry tip borer, cherry fruitworm, cranberry fruit worm, plum curculio, powdery mildew, leaf spot.[lix]

Other: Vaccinium corymbosum is the “most common commercially-grown blueberry in North America.” [lx], as well as in Britain.[lxi] The fruit has an extremely high iron content.[lxii]

Name: Ilex verticillata (Winterberry / Red Winterberry) (Male)

Number: 6

Location on site: Northwest of northern Serviceberry; southwest of northern Serviceberry.

Planting date: 06/24/12

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Slow. [lxiii]

Mature Size: 5-9’ x 4-7’[lxiv]

Life Expectancy:”Moderate.”[lxv]

Root Type: Flat-rooted.[lxvi] Suckering. [lxvii]

Water Preference: Mesic to wet soil. [lxviii]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. [lxix]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 3-4 years.[lxx]

Fertilization: Flowers May to June. Seeds ripen October. Requires fertilization by plant of opposite sex to produce berries. Bee-pollinated.[lxxi]

Uses: Bark is “antiseptic, astringent, cathartic and tonic.”[lxxii]

Origin: Winterberry is native to eastern North America.[lxxiii] “Jim Dandy” is a male cultivar used to pollinate similar female cultivars. [lxxiv]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Leaf spots, powdery mildew. Largely pest and disease-resistant.[lxxv]

Other:

Name: Amelanchier canadensis (Canadian Serviceberry / Juneberry)

Number: 2

Location on site: north-center and north sections

Associated Polyculture:

Planting date: 06/24/12

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Medium[lxxvi]

Mature Size: 20-30’ x 10-15’ (6-9 m x 3-4.5 m)[lxxvii]

Life Expectancy: 60 years. [lxxviii]

Root Type: Heart-rooted. [lxxix]

Water Preference: Mesic soil.

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun.

Other Maintenance:

Begins fruiting: 2-3 years[lxxx]

Fertilization: Self-fertile. White flowers in April. Fruits ripen in July.[lxxxi] Leaves turn red in fall.[lxxxii]

Uses: Fruit can be eaten raw (immediately off of the tree), cooked, or dried.[lxxxiii] The fruits also attract beneficial birds and insects, such as the “American goldfinch, tufted titmice, brown thrashers, blue jays, Carolina chickadees, northern cardinals and American robins.” [lxxxiv]

Origin: Native to Eastern North America and naturalized in Britain, Amelanchier canadensis was named and described by Carl Linnaeus.[lxxxv]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Rusts, scales, aphids, mildews. [lxxxvi]

Other: Many birds are particularly fond of Serviceberry fruits, so be sure to harvest the fruits often or protect them.[lxxxvii]

Name: Vaccinium angustifolium (Low Sweet Blueberry)

Number: 2

Location on site: Three surrounding sugar maple: one to west, one to northwest, one on burm to east. Two on burm northeast of sugar maple, south of northern American elderberry.

Planting date: 06/24/12

Size at planting: 1 g

Growth Rate: Slow[lxxxviii]

Mature Size: 2’ x 2’ (0.6 m x 0.6 m)[lxxxix]

Life Expectancy: 60 years.[xc]

Root Type: Shallow; may have taproot. [xci]

Water Preference: Grows in dry to wet soils; prefers light, well-drained soils. [xcii]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [xciii]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 2 years. (Most potted plants will fruit their first year after purchase, but smaller ones will establish much better if prevented from fruiting their first two years.)[xciv]

Fertilization: Purple leaves in fall.[xcv] Flowers May to June. Seeds ripen July. Hermaphrodite flowers. Insect-pollinated.[xcvi]

Uses: Fruits can be eaten raw, cooked, dried, preserved, or made into a jam. The leaves can be used to make a tea.[xcvii]

Origin: Native to northeastern North America.[xcviii]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Red leaf disease, blueberry leaf spot, powdery mildew and rust. [xcix]

Name: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Common Bearberry / Kinnikinnik)

Number: 1

Location on site: One each to north and south of northern Serviceberry.

Planting date: 06/24/12

Size at planting: 1 g

Growth Rate: Medium.[cii]

Mature Size: 4’’ x 3’3’’[ciii]

Life Expectancy: Long.

Root Type: Flat-rooted. [civ]

Water Preference: Dry to mesic soil. [cv]

Sun Preference: Full sun. [cvi]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: ?

Fertilization: White bell-shaped[cvii] Flowers April to July. Red fruits July to September. Hermaphrodite flowers. Bee-/Self-pollinated. Self-fertile. [cviii]

Origin: Native to Northern North America, Britain, Northern Europe, and Northern Asia. [cx]

Notable Pests and Diseases: “Exobasidium bud and leaf galls. Susceptible to various fungal diseases on leaves, stems, and fruit.”[cxi]

Other: A type of manzanita, Bearberry occurs in regions as diverse as arctic Alaska, Norway, and Siberia south to coastal California.

10.

Name: Ribes x culverwellii (Jostaberry)

Number: 3

Location on site: Two on southern edge of western border, west of southernmost highbush blueberry. One on northwestern section of western border.

Planting date: 07/05/12

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Fast. ^{^[cxii]}

Mature Size: 4-8’ x 4-8’ (1.2-2.4 m x 1.2-2.4 m) ^{^[cxiii]}

Life Expectancy: 10-20 years.^{^[cxiv]}

Root Type:

Water Preference: Mesic soil. ^{^[cxv]}

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. ^{^[cxvi]}

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 24’ x 23’ (7.5 m

Fertilization: Flowers April to May. Fruits “ripen August to September.” Hermaphrodite flowers. Bee-, self-pollinated. Self-fertile. ^{^[cxvii]}

Uses: Fruits can be eaten raw or cooked, or made into preserves. ^{^[cxviii]}

Origin: Jostaberry was first cultivated by combining Ribes nigrum (black currant), Ribes divaricatum (North American coastal black gooseberry), and Ribes uva-crispa (European gooseberry). It was first “made available to the public in 1977.” [cxix]

Notable Pests and Diseases: Honey fungus. ^{^[cxx]}

Other: The name “Jostaberry” comes from a combination of the words “Johannisbeere” (German for black currant) and “Stachelbeere” (German for gooseberry). Following German pronunciation, the “j” may be pronounced with a “y” sound. [cxxi]

11.

Name: Cydonia oblonga (Quince)

Number: 1

Location on site: Southwestern section of western border.

Planting date: 07/05/12

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Medium. ^{^[cxxii]}

Mature Size: 24’ x 23’ (7.5 m x 7 m) [cxxiii]

Life Expectancy: Moderate. [cxxiv]

Root Type: Flat-rooted. ^{^[cxxv]}

Water Preference: Mesic soil. ^{^[cxxvi]}

Sun Preference: Full sun. ^{^[cxxvii]}

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: 3-4 years. ^{^[cxxviii]}

Fertilization: Flowers in May. Fruits ripen in November. [cxxix]

Uses: Fruits can be eaten raw or cooked. The seed can be dried, crushed, and mixed with water to make a drink. [cxxx]

Origin: Native to the Mediterranean. [cxxxi]

Notable Pests and Diseases: “Bud injury, borers, codling moths, scale and tent caterpillars, and fireblight.”[cxxxii]

Other: “The quince has been cultivated for over two thousand years for its edible fruit and its seed.” [cxxxiii]

12.

Name: Poncirus trifoliata (Trifoliate Orange, Bitter Orange, Japanese Bitter Orange, Chinese Bitter Orange)

Number: 1

Location on site: Southwest section of western border.

Planting date: 07/05/12

Size at planting:

Growth Rate: Slow.[cxxxiv]

Mature Size: 9’ x 9’ (3 m x 3 m) [cxxxv]

Life Expectancy: 25 years. [cxxxvi]

Root Type: Shallow-rooted. [cxxxvii]

Water Preference: Well-drained soil. [cxxxviii]

Sun Preference: Full to partial sun. [cxxxix]

Other Maintenance:

Begins Fruiting: “Takes several years to start.” [cxl]

Fertilization: Flowers April to May. Fruits ripen September to November. Hermaphrodite flowers. Insect-pollinated. Self-fertile. [cxli]

Uses: Fruit can be eaten cooked or made into a drink or marmalade. Young leaves are edible. [cxlii]

Origin: Native to China and Korea.

Notable Pests and Diseases: Citrus exocortis viroid, citrus tatter leaf virus. [cxliii]

Other: Poncirus trifoliata is often used as a rootstock for other citrus species. [cxliv]

Implementation and Maintenance

Trees

Finding a Tree

If no specific local nursery selling the tree is known, the easiest way to find a nursery is to search the tree by its latin name on google or another internet search engine. If the plant is commonly sold, following the latin name with “for sale Connecticut” will provide the quickest results. If the tree is less commonly sold, simply typing “for sale” and then determining the location of potential nurseries is easier. Ideally, all plants will be purchased locally, within Connecticut, the New England area, or a similar radius.

Ballek’s Nursery in East Haddam, CT, also carries a wide variety of plants, It can serve as a mediator to find many desired trees and other plants locally.

Checking Tree Quality and Health

(for Balled and Burlapped Trees)[dcxlii]

Check root-shoot size ratio: Ensure that the tree has a sizable root system in relation to its shoots. Avoid trees with proportionately very large tops. (See Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Table 6.2, p.380,for the American Landscape and Nursery Association’s minimum recommendations.)[dcxliii]
Check tree shape: Confirm that one half or more of the shoots stem from the bottom two-thirds of the tree. Trees with higher branches are top-heavy and, under pressure, place more stress on a smaller area. The tree should right itself when pulled.
Check leaves and trunk: Although some species look otherwise when healthy, leaves and trunk should generally be free from spots, holes, scars, or other blemishes. They should be relatively large, green, thick, resilient, and dense. Trunk and stems should be relatively light-colored, smooth, and resilient. If any grafting has occurred, make sure that cracking at the joint is negligible and does not increase under pressure.

Ensure that the trunk and stems taper normally, so that they are narrower towards newer growth without being spindly.

Check trunk flare and roots:

a. Dig away the first inch or so from around the base of the tree to make sure no rotting or fungi are present. Visible roots should be light and resilient.
b. Lift the tree by its base; if the tree rises one inch or more without the accompanying root ball joining it, the tree is likely unhealthy.

c. Let the tree fall. The tree should bend evenly across its trunk; if it bends first at the root surface, the tree may have kinked or circling roots. Kinked (roots with sharp angles) and circling roots (roots which horizontally encircle the tree) commonly occur in trees that have been forced within a too-small container, and often fatally damage the tree. You can also dig a three inch-deep and two inch-wide basin around the trunk to visually check for dangerous roots. (If this does not reveal any major roots, the tree was planted poorly and is sensitive to disease. It should not be purchased.)

When to plant

Trees are best planted in either spring or fall, when temperature and rainfall are moderate and the plant has time to establish itself before extreme heat or cold. Spring is generally considered a better time to plant in the New England area.[dcxliv]

Pre-Planting

Do not let the root ball sit in sunlight for an extended period of time. If it must sit outdoors, put it in the shade, cover or mulch it. Make sure to water them thoroughly, and fertilize them with liquid seaweed or another compound with minimal nitrogen if they remain out-of-ground for a particularly long duration.

Planting

(For Balled and Burlapped Trees)

Dig a hole three times the width of the tree’s root ball, and of a depth so that the crown or trunk flare (where the trunk meets the roots of the tree) will be one to two inches[dcxlv] above the soil.[dcxlvi] The hole should be slightly higher in the center than at the edges to allow the roots of the tree to drape down and prevent water from pooling in the tree’s most sensitive area. The sides of the hole should be vertical, not sloped, to prevent waterlogging.[dcxlvii] Also make sure to avoid “glazing” the sides of the hole (when the shovel smooths the hole’s surfaces, thus inhibiting water transport).[dcxlviii]

e sure to avoid digging the hole too deeply. Planting the tree on disturbed soil will cause it to lower as it settles.[dcxlix]

Note: Place soil removed from the hole on a tarp, cardboard, or another surface separated from the ground to minimize soil loss.[dcl]

Add a thin layer of compost and a sprinkling of soil amendment and biochar to the bottom of the hole.
Fill the hole about 1/6 full with water. Stir the mud-like mixture.
Double-check that the hole and tree are of appropriate relative heights so that the root flare will end up just above the surface of the hole. Once in the ground, a tree becomes much more difficult to move.
Lifting the tree by the root ball, place the tree in the hole. Make sure that the center of the root ball rests at the top of the mound at the hole’s bottom. [dcli]
Check with your supplier to determine your burlap material. If the burlap is synthetic, plastic, or chemically treated, remove the burlap entirely from around the root ball. If the burlap is natural and untreated, cut vertical slits down the top third of the burlap and pull it away from the ball.[dclii] This area receives less water and so the burlap there decomposes more slowly, possibly inhibiting root growth if left untouched.

hile modern methods of wire covering supposedly do not inhibit root growth, if the material surrounding the burlap (wire, string, rope, etc.) can be removed without injuring the tree roots, it is recommended that you do so. Speak with the supplier to determine the necessary versus suggested aspects of planting your particular tree.

Adjust the alignment and angle of the tree as desired. Few trees are perfectly symmetrical, and one particular angling of branches will likely be superior for both the site and health of the tree. Also ensure that the trunk is as vertical as possible.[dcliii] Spread the roots.[dcliv]
Refill the hole with soil removed from the area. Avoid using compost or any other external soil as much as possible, because this may cause the roots to not seek nutrients outside of the composted area and so stay restricted to it. It also increases the probability of waterlogging.[dclv] Stamp the soil every three inches.[dclvi]
When the hole is one-half to two-thirds full, “puddle-in” the hole by it with water, settling the plant in the soil. Finish filling in the hole with water.
Build a basin around the tree. The root flare of the tree should be at the lowest point of a shallow basin, with a border slightly higher than the surface of the surrounding area to contain water among the roots of the tree. The border of the basin should be just outside the drip line of the tree (the area where water drips from the edge of the canopy).
If necessary and not provided, stake the tree. If it is at all possible, however, it is recommended that the tree not be staked. Many staked trees do not taper as they grow, become reliant on and may be girdled by the stake(s), and grow at a disporportionately high shoot-root rate, all of which creates an unhealthy and easily damaged tree. [dclvii] Staking may ultimately be necessary, however; plant should be staked at your disgression. If staking is required, keep stakes short whenever possible.[dclviii] (See P.398 of Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier’s Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice for more on the pros, cons, and procedure of staking.)
Water the tree thoroughly (though be careful to avoid overwatering – a common mistake in caring for newly planted/transplanted trees). 3-5 gallons is recommended for smaller trees, 5-7 gallons for larger ones.[dclix]

13. Label the tree with a permanent tag or plaque.[dclx]

Maintenance

General watering requirements for newly planted trees are as follows:

Small Tree:3-5 g

Medium Tree: 5-7 g

Large Tree:8-10 g[dclxi]

Water more or less frequently as temperature varies:

~60 F:1 / week

~80 F: 1 / 5 days

~90 F: 1 / 3 days[dclxii]

For more specific soil saturation guidelines and drought tolerance, see Plant List above.

Perennials[dclxiii]

Planting

Note: Plant plants of one species in more than one patch, if possible, at the very least to make more work for pests.[dclxiv]

Lay out perennials on top of mulch in desired planting pattern.
Take the perennial out of its pot and judge the hole’s depth and width by the size of the root ball.
Pull back mulch from planting spot, and cut an X in the cardboard layer in the spot where the perennial will go. Fold the cut cardboard layer under itself to get it out of the way.
Roughen and spread the roots in the root-ball.
Dig hole and insert plant in hole, checking for final grade.
Firm the soil around the root-ball, making sure to fill voids under and around root ball with soil or compost to prevent drying of roots.
Water the plant heavily.
Unfold the cardboard layer and place snugly around the root-ball, adding newspaper if needed to cover any gaps or holes. Pull the mulch back around the plant.
Water frequently until established.

Rain Garden Construction

Testing Soil Drainage

Dig a hole 8 inches wide and 8 inches deep.
Pour in a bucket of water.
The water should drain at a rate of about an inch every hour.
If it takes longer than that, improve or replace your soil.
50-60% sand, 20-30% topsoil (no clay), and 20-30% compost.

Digging

Delineate Borders.
Pile dug soil as added berm material for swales and 6 in. berm of garden.
Dig approximately 6-8 in. deep.

II.

Create a flat area or a depression where rainwater will collect as it sinks into your soil. The standard depth for your rain garden’s “ponding” area is six inches.
Keep the bottom of your rain garden’s depression saucer-shaped rather than bowl-shaped. That way, the rainwater will always spread out as much as possible.

Planting

plant approximately 12 in. apart and in groupings of the same species with special attention to water requirements of plant species (see plant list above). More water tolerant plants are placed in the middle of the basin, and less tolerant plants in edge areas

Maintenance

Apply three inches of mulch in the spring after the plants break dormancy.If bare areas appear, apply mulch more often.

Raised Bed Construction

Lay out the outlines of your raised bed using rope and stakes.
If the beds are large enough, you can bring the soil in before you construct the walls. Remember to include mulch depth when planning the height of the walls.
If the beds are deep, strip the topsoil from under the bed before placing the new soil.
Loosen the native soil in the bed before backfilling and add soil amendments and inoculum.
Backfill with the most nutritive soil layer at the top (8 in. of topsoil is ideal)
Overfill beds 5 to 10% to allow for settling to your final grade.
Wet thoroughly, then plant.

Sheet Mulching

remove any rocks from top soil layer larger than 3 inches in diameter, or large woody sticks or twigs
Pull out any noxious weeds that you don’t wish to be in the future ground cover of the site.
Apply 3-4 inches of nitrogen rich, moderately sandy, oxygenated compost. Compost in the WestCo Courtyard was primarily sourced from Greencycle of Elington, CT.
Place a layer of corrugated cardboard with highly overlapping edges to insure no openings into the underlying compost. Cardboard in the WestCo courtyard was sourced from the cardboard recycling dumpsters of university and Middletown vendors.
1. Cardboard was removed of any staples, tape and glue so as to insure its full decomposition over time.
A 3-4 inch layer of woodchips is then placed over the cardboard. Woodchips in the WestCo Courtyard were chipped on site utilizing the felled Beech trees that were cut down after their diagnosis as infectious vectors of Beech Bark Disease to other trees on campus.

Summary: the compost layer serves as source of nutrient replenishment of the top soil. The cardboard layer aids in the suppression of weeds by smothering their growth and obstruction of sunlight. Finally, the high layer of the woodchips reduces the success of wind transported colonization of invasive and/or exotic species. Additionally, their slow breakdown serves as a constant source of nutrients for the growing plant over time.

Trees: Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

Trunk

Moving concentrically inwards from the outermost layer, a cross-section of a typical tree contains the following parts:

Outer Bark: A layer of dead cork cells which serve to insulate the tree and protect it from external environmental forces.[dclxv] It prevents internal moisture from escaping (when dry) and external moisture from entering (when wet).[dclxvi]
Inner Bark (Phloem): A layer of live cells which transports nutrients and food (primarily sugar, produced through photosynthesis in the tree’s leaves) downward. [dclxvii] These cells are short-lived, and when they die become the tree’s new outer bark. [dclxviii]
Cambium: A layer of living cells which increase tree diameter by creating new bark and wood. Growth is intitiated by “auxins,” hormones sent through the phloem from leaf buds at the ends of the tree. [dclxix] The cells also produce callus tissue to heal injuries to the tree. [dclxx]

A tree forms two types of wood each year, creating the well-known annual rings that mark tree cross-sections. Springwood (formed in the spring) is a light wood made up of larger and thinner-walled cells; summerwood cells are smaller and thick-walled, and form a distinct darker ring around the preceding springwood.

Sapwood (Xylem): The outer four to 20 layers of wood, it is composed of living cells which serve to transport water from the roots upwards to the tree’s leaves. When these cells die, they become part of the tree’s heartwood. [dclxxi]
Heartwood: The inner layers of the wood, it is made of dead cells which are used for storage and to support the tree. [dclxxii]
Pith: The innermost layer of the tree, this contains the remnant of when the tree was a sapling. This layer disintegrates in some plants. [dclxxiii]
Ray cells: Rays of cells extending horizontally outward from the heartwood’s center. The rays distribute food to the various living portions of the tree. [dclxxiv]

Leaves[dclxxv]

A leaf is composed of four main parts:

Cuticle: The cuticle is the outermost protective layer of the leaf. It minimizes water escapage into the outside environment. [dclxxvi]
Epidermis: The skin of the leaf below the cuticle. [dclxxvii]
Veins: Veins contain the xylem and phloem (see “Trunk,” above) of the leaf, which run continuously from the roots of the tree. Surrounding and contained the xylem and phloem is a ring of bundle sheath cells.[dclxxviii]
Mesophyll: Where photosynthesis occurs. It is composed of two types of tissue which form the “palisade” and “spongy” layers; the former layer is columnar and rests atop the spongy layer. The spongy layer facilitates gas exchange.[dclxxix]

Roots

Each of a tree’s roots ends with a root cap covering an apical meristem. The root grows through cell division in the apical meristem, while the root cap protects the root as it moves through the soil. The new cells grow and become specialized in the zone of elongation, locatedbehind the apical meristem. [dclxxx]

A tree has two kinds of roots. The first, “absorbing” or “feeder” roots[dclxxxi], are lined with incredibly fine root hairs which absorb water and nutrients from the soil with the help of attached mychorrizal fungi.[dclxxxii] These roots are temporary, generally dying or transitioning root types after one or two years. [dclxxxiii]

The second root type, “conducting” roots, transport water and minerals upwards through the tree’s trunk and leaves. [dclxxxiv] These roots are permanent and generally larger, and provide support for the tree as well as transport. [dclxxxv]

A tree’s root system can be more than two times the height of the tree[dclxxxvi] and three times its above-ground spread. [dclxxxvii] While different tree species do have different root types (tap-, heart-, and shallow-rooted[dclxxxviii]) soil density and soil barriers play a strong role in determining root spread and depth. [dclxxxix] Most trees’ roots occur in the top 12-24’’ of soil. [dcxc]

The meristem cells at the tip of one of the tree’s axillary buds (located where a leaf meets a twig) divide, forming a new twig. [dcxcii]
As the twig grows, the cells in its cambium layer (see “cross-section of a tree,” above) divide, widening the twig. [dcxciii]
A swollen branch collar forms (located where the twig meets its parent branch or trunk). The parent wood fibers here curve to make room for the new branch, while the parts of the new branch curve downward to join the root-leaf transport system of the rest of the tree. [dcxciv]

Terms

1. Apical Dominance: When the main trunk of a tree grows more than its protruding branches, and when primary branches grow more than second branches, etc., each year. Strong apical dominance results in a distinctly cone-shaped tree. It is much more common in evergreens than deciduous trees.

[1] See Implementation and Maintenance: Trees: Maintenance for general watering requirements for newly planted trees.

[i] Save the Forest Garden, the following section descriptions are sourced from text for the planned signage to front the WestCo site.

[ii] P.25, Martin Crawford, Creating a Forest Garden: Working with Nature to Grow Edible Crops, Green Books, Foxhole, Dartington, 2010.

[iii] See Plant List 2.0 for ideal soil saturation, pH, light, hardiness zone, and other information.

[iv] “Stanley Plum,” CreekSide Tree Nursery, accessed June 25, 2012, http://www.creeksideboulder.com/shop/plum-stanley-4474.

[v] “Atlantic Provinces Home Garden Production of Plum,” Atlantic Agricultural Service Coordinating Committee: Atlantic Committee on Fruit Crops, accessed June 25, 2012, http://www.nsapples.com/HG%20Plums.pdf.

[vi] Marshall, “Prunus americana,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 12, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+americana.

[vii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 484.

[viii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 484.

[ix] Mitch Fitzgerald, “Plums – The Wonder Fruit, How to Grow it,” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/646/.

[x] Mitch Fitzgerald, “Plums – The Wonder Fruit, How to Grow it,” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/646/.

[xi] Tag on plant.

[xii] “Prunus domestica ‘Stanley,’” Missouri Botanical Gardens, accessed July 4, 2012, http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/n300/prunus-domestica-stanley.aspx.

[xiii] Mitch Fitzgerald, “Plums – The Wonder Fruit, How to Grow it,” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/646/.

[xiv] Tim Parsons, “The Plums are (nearly) ripe,” The Middlebury Landscape, accessed June 4, 2012, http://blogs.middlebury.edu/middland/2010/08/16/the-plums-are-nearly-ripe/.

[xv] “Stanley Plum Tree Care,” Garden Guides, accessed June 25, 2012, http://www.gardenguides.com/105868-stanley-plum-tree-care.html.

[xvi] “Plums: A Guide to Selection and Use,” The Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet, Ohio State University, accessed June 25, 2012, http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/1000/1404.html.

[xvii] “Liberty Apple,” Michigan Bulb Company, accessed June 25, 2012, http://www.michiganbulb.com/product/Liberty_Apple/Fruit_Trees.

[xviii] “Malus Domestica (Liberty Apple),” BackyardGardener.com, accessed http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_5036.html.

[xix] Mike M., “Buying Stock in Apple (Not the Corporation),” Survival Blog, accessed June 29, 2012, http://www.survivalblog.com/2011/04/buying_stock_in_apple_not_the.html.

[xx] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 478.

[xxi] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 478.

[xxii] “Liberty Apple,” Edible Landscaping Online, accessed June 29, 2012, http://ediblelandscaping.com/products/trees/Apples/LibertyApple.php.

[xxiii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 484.

[xxiv] “Why do they call me ‘Mr. Liberty?’”, Virtual Orchard, accessed June 29, 2012, http://virtualorchard.net/mrliberty/default.html.

[xxv] “Malus Domestica (Liberty Apple),” BackyardGardener.com, accessed http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_5036.html.

[xxvi] “Malus domestica ‘Liberty,’” Learn2Grow, accessed June 10, 2012.

[xxvii] “Malus Domestica (Liberty Apple),” BackyardGardener.com, accessed http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_5036.html.

[xxviii] Tag on plant.

[xxix] “Malus Domestica (Liberty Apple),” BackyardGardener.com, accessed http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_5036.html.

[xxx] “Malus Domestica (Liberty Apple),” BackyardGardener.com, accessed http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_5036.html.

[xxxi] “Apple (Liberty),” Mr. Jack’s Farm, accessed June 25, 2012, http://www.mrjacksfarm.com/dnn/Portals/0/Apple_Liberty.pdf.

[xxxii] “Malus Domestica (Liberty Apple),” BackyardGardener.com, accessed http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_5036.html.

[xxxiii] “Liberty Apple,” Michigan Bulb Company, accessed June 25, 2012, http://www.michiganbulb.com/product/Liberty_Apple/Fruit_Trees.

[xxxiv] “Malus Domestica (Liberty Apple),” BackyardGardener.com, accessed http://www.backyardgardener.com/plantname/pda_5036.html.

[xxxv] “Why do they call me ‘Mr. Liberty?’”, Virtual Orchard, accessed June 29, 2012, http://virtualorchard.net/mrliberty/default.html.

[xxxvi] “Fuyu Japanese Persimmon,” Monrovia, accessed June 25, 2012, http://www.monrovia.com/plant-catalog/plants/2496/fuyu-japanese-persimmon.php.

[xxxvii] “Diospyros kaki,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 29, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+kaki.

[xxxviii] “Asian Persimmons,” Anam Cara Gardens, accessed June 29, 2012, http://www.anamcaragardens.com/typepage.php?type=asian_persimmons.

[xxxix] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 474.

[xl] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 474.

[xli] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 474.

[xlii] “Diospyros kaki,” Wikipedia, accessed June 4, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diospyros_kaki.

[xliii] “Fuyu (Jiro) Persimmon – Diospyros kaki,” Creator’s Palette, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.creatorspalette.com/FruitTrees/Persimmons/Fuyu-Jiro-Persimmon-Diospyros/5207575_XLQnWW#!i=316084399&k=k7h9Y.

[xliv] Peaceful Valley Farm Supply, Inc., “’Jiro,’ Fuyu Persimmon, Tree (Standard),” Grow Organic, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.groworganic.com/persimmon-fuyu-jiro-standard.html.

[xlv] Thunb., “Diospyros kaki,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Diospyros+kaki.

[xlvi] “Diospyros kaki,” Wikipedia, accessed June 4, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diospyros_kaki.

[xlvii] “Pests and Diseases,” “Japanese Persimmon,” Purdue Horticulture, accessed June 29, 2012, http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/japanese_persimmon.html#Pests%20and%20Diseases

[xlviii] “Persimmon,” California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc., accessed June 29, 2012, http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/persimmon.html.

[xlix] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[l] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[li] Frederica Galli, “Ripening and Postharvest Management of Pawpaw Fruit,” University of Kentucky, accessed June 29, 2012, http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1510&context=gradschool_diss.

[lii] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[liii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[liv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[lv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[lvi] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[lvii] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[lviii] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[lix] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[lx] “Asimina triloba,” Wikipedia, accessed June 4, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimina_triloba.

[lxi] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[lxii] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[lxiii] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[lxiv] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[lxv] “Asimina triloba,” Wikipedia, accessed June 4, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimina_triloba.

[lxvi] Compiled by Kirk W. Pomper, Sheri B. Crabtree, and Jeremiah D. Lowe, “Mitchell,” “2009 Pawpaw Cultivars and Grafted Tree Sources,” Kentucky State University, accessed June 4, 2012, http://www.pawpaw.kysu.edu/pawpaw/cvsrc98.htm.

[lxvii] Frederica Galli, “Ripening and Postharvest Management of Pawpaw Fruit,” University of Kentucky, accessed June 30, 2012, http://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1510&context=gradschool_diss.

[lxviii] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[lxix] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[lxx] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[lxxi] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[lxxii] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[lxxiii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[lxxiv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[lxxv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[lxxvi] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[lxxvii] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[lxxviii] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[lxxix] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[lxxx] “Asimina triloba,” Wikipedia, accessed June 4, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimina_triloba.

[lxxxi] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[lxxxii] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[lxxxiii] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[lxxxiv] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[lxxxv] “Asimina triloba,” Wikipedia, accessed June 4, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asimina_triloba.

[lxxxvi] Compiled by Kirk W. Pomper, Sheri B. Crabtree, and Jeremiah D. Lowe, “PA-Golden 1,” “2009 Pawpaw Cultivars and Grafted Tree Sources,” Kentucky State University, accessed June 4, 2012, http://www.pawpaw.kysu.edu/pawpaw/cvsrc98.htm.

[lxxxvii] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[lxxxviii] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[lxxxix] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[xc] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[xci] “Williams Pear,” Wikipedia, accessed June 5, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett_pear.

[xcii] “Bartlett Pear,” Monrovia, accessed June 29, 2012, http://www.monrovia.com/plant-catalog/plants/2760/bartlett-pear.php.

[xciii] Tag on plant.

[xciv] “Pears,” Anam Cara Gardens, accessed June 29, 2012, http://www.anamcaragardens.com/typepage.php?type=pears.

[xcv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 484.

[xcvi] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 484.

[xcvii] Peaceful Valley Farm Supply, Inc., “Bartlett Pear, European Type (Semi-dwarf),” Grow Organic, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.groworganic.com/pear-bartlett-european-semi-dwarf.html.

[xcviii] Tag on plant.

[xcix] Peaceful Valley Farm Supply, Inc., “Bartlett Pear, European Type (Semi-dwarf),” Grow Organic, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.groworganic.com/pear-bartlett-european-semi-dwarf.html.

[c] Stephen Albert, “How to Choose a Pear Tree for Planting,” Harvest to Table, accessed June 12, 2012, http://harvesttotable.com/2010/12/how_to_choose_a_pear_tree_for/.

[ci] Tag on plant.

[cii] DC., “Pyrus communis sativa,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 5, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+communis+sativa.

[ciii] “Williams Pear,” Wikipedia, accessed June 5, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett_pear.

[civ] “Fun Facts and FAQs,” “U.S.A. Pears,” Pear Bureau Northwest, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.usapears.com/en/Facts%20And%20Nutrition/Tree%20To%20Table/Fun%20Facts%20and%20FAQs.aspx.

[cv] “Williams Pear,” Wikipedia, accessed June 5, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett_pear.

[cvi] Ibid.

[cvii] Ibid.

[cviii] Ibid.

[cix] Peaceful Valley Farm Supply, Inc., “Bartlett Pear, European Type (Semi-dwarf),” Grow Organic, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.groworganic.com/pear-bartlett-european-semi-dwarf.html.

[cx] “Williams Pear,” Wikipedia, accessed June 5, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett_pear.

[cxi] “Bosc Pear,” Wikipedia, accessed June 5, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosc_pear.

[cxii] “Bartlett Pear,” Monrovia, accessed June 29, 2012, http://www.monrovia.com/plant-catalog/plants/2760/bartlett-pear.php.

[cxiii] Tag on plant.

[cxiv] “Pears,” Anam Cara Gardens, accessed June 29, 2012, http://www.anamcaragardens.com/typepage.php?type=pears.

[cxv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 484.

[cxvi] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 484.

[cxvii] Peaceful Valley Farm Supply, Inc., “Bosc Pear, European Type (Semi-dwarf),” Grow Organic, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.groworganic.com/pear-bosc-european-semi-dwarf.html.

[cxviii] Tag on plant.

[cxix] Tag on plant.

[cxx] Peaceful Valley Farm Supply, Inc., “Bosc Pear, European Type (Semi-dwarf),” Grow Organic, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.groworganic.com/pear-bosc-european-semi-dwarf.html.

[cxxi] Stephen Albert, “How to Choose a Pear Tree for Planting,” Harvest to Table, accessed June 12, 2012, http://harvesttotable.com/2010/12/how_to_choose_a_pear_tree_for/.

[cxxii] DC., “Pyrus communis sativa,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 5, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Pyrus+communis+sativa.

[cxxiii] “Fun Facts and FAQs,” “U.S.A. Pears,” Pear Bureau Northwest, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.usapears.com/en/Facts%20And%20Nutrition/Tree%20To%20Table/Fun%20Facts%20and%20FAQs.aspx.

[cxxiv] Ibid.

[cxxv] “Bosc,” U.S.A. Pears, Pear Bureau Northwest, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.usapears.com/Recipes%20And%20Lifestyle/Now%20Serving/Pears%20and%20Varieties/Bosc.aspx.

[cxxvi] Peaceful Valley Farm Supply, Inc., “Bosc Pear, European Type (Semi-dwarf),” Grow Organic, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.groworganic.com/pear-bosc-european-semi-dwarf.html.

[cxxvii] “Bosc Pear,” Wikipedia, accessed June 5, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosc_pear.

[cxxviii] Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson, “Fagus grandifolia: American Beech,” U.S. Forest Service: Department of Agriculture, Southern Group of State Foresters, accessed June 29, 2012, http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/faggraa.pdf.

[cxxix] “Fagus grandifolia,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 29, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagus+grandifolia.

[cxxx] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 474.

[cxxxi] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 474.

[cxxxii] “Fagus grandifolia,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 29, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagus+grandifolia.

[cxxxiii] Mitch Fitzgerald, “Plums – The Wonder Fruit, How to Grow it,” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/646/.

[cxxxiv] “Fagus grandifolia,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 29, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagus+grandifolia.

[cxxxv] “Fagus grandifolia,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 29, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagus+grandifolia.

[cxxxvi] “Fagus grandifolia,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 29, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagus+grandifolia.

[cxxxvii] “American Elderberry,” ENature, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recNum=TS0229.

[cxxxviii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 488.

[cxxxix] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 530.

[cxl] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 488.

[cxli] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 488.

[cxlii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 488.

[cxliii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 530.

[cxliv] “Sambucus canadensis,” Plants for a Future,

[cxlv] “Grow elderberries as a fruit-bearing ornamental,” Oregon State University, accessed June 12, 2012, http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/node/862.

[cxlvi] “Sambucus canadensis,” Plants for a Future,

[cxlvii] “Sambucus canadensis,” Plants for a Future,

[cxlviii] “Grow elderberries as a fruit-bearing ornamental,” Oregon State University, accessed June 12, 2012, http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/node/862.

[cxlix] “Sambucus canadensis: American Elder,” University of Florida IFAS Extension: Electronic Data Information Source, accessed June 29, 2012, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/st578.

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[clv] Mark H. Brand, “Hamamelis virginiana,” Uconn Plant Database, accessed June 29, 2012, http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/h/hamvir/hamvir1.html.

[clvi] Lane Greer and John M. Dole, Woody Cut Stems for Growers and Florists: How to Produce and Use Branches, (Portland, OR: Timber Press, Inc.) 248.

[clvii] “Hamamelis virginiana,” Wikipedia, accessed June 13, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamamelis_virginiana.

[clviii] L., “Hamamelis virginiana,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 12, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hamamelis+virginiana.

[clix] L., “Hamamelis virginiana,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 12, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hamamelis+virginiana.

[clx] “Hamamelis virginiana,” Wikipedia, accessed June 13, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamamelis_virginiana.

[clxi] L., “Hamamelis virginiana,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 12, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Hamamelis+virginiana.

[clxii] Lane Greer and John M. Dole, Woody Cut Stems for Growers and Florists: How to Produce and Use Branches, (Portland, OR: Timber Press, Inc.) 248.

[clxiii] “Hamamelis virginiana,” Wikipedia, accessed June 13, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamamelis_virginiana.

[clxiv] “Witch Hazel,” “List of Donald Duck Characters,” Wikipedia, accessed June 13, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_Hazel_%28Disney%29#Witch_Hazel.

[clxv] “Plant Fact Sheet: Highbush Blueberry,” United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed June 12, 2012, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vaco.pdf.

[clxvi] Ibid.

[clxvii] “Vaccinium corymbosum,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+corymbosum.

[clxviii] Stanley Goff, “The Life Span of a Blueberry Bush,” eHow, http://www.ehow.com/facts_7430939_life-span-blueberry-bush.html.

[clxix] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 492.

[clxx] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 492.

[clxxi] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 492.

[clxxii] Kimberly Sharpe, “Climate for Blueberry Plants,” “Blueberry Plant Care,” eHow, accessed June 17, 2012, http://www.ehow.com/blueberry-plant-care/.

[clxxiii] Vaccinium corymbosum, Wikipedia, accessed June 12, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum.

[clxxiv] “Vaccinium corymbosum,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+corymbosum.

[clxxv] “Plant Fact Sheet: Highbush Blueberry,” United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed June 12, 2012, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vaco.pdf.

[clxxvi] “Plant Fact Sheet: Highbush Blueberry,” United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed June 12, 2012, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vaco.pdf.

[clxxvii] “Vaccinium Corymbosum,” Native Plant Database, University of Texas at Austin, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=VACO.

[clxxviii] “Vaccinium corymbosum,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+corymbosum.

[clxxix] “Vaccinium corymbosum,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+corymbosum.

[clxxx] Marie Iannotti, “Growing Blueberries: Pruning Blueberries and Blueberries Pests and Diseases,” About.com: Gardening, accessed June 29, 2012, http://gardening.about.com/od/berries/a/Blueberries_2.htm.

[clxxxi] Vaccinium corymbosum, Wikipedia, accessed June 12, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum.

[clxxxii] “Vaccinium corymbosum,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+corymbosum.

[clxxxiii] “Plant Fact Sheet: Highbush Blueberry,” United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed June 12, 2012, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vaco.pdf.

[clxxxiv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 480.

[clxxxv] “Myrica pennsylvanica,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrica+pennsylvanica.

[clxxxvi] “Myrica pensylvanica,” Compleat Botanica, accessed June 29, 2012, http://www.crescentbloom.com/plants/specimen/MU/Myrica%20pensylvanica.htm.

[clxxxvii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 480.

[clxxxviii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 480.

[clxxxix] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 480.

[cxc] “Myrica pensylvanica,” Fire Effects Information System, USDA Forest Service, accessed June 29, 2012, http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/myrpen/all.html.

[cxci] “Myrica pennsylvanica,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrica+pennsylvanica.

[cxcii] “Myrica pennsylvanica,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrica+pennsylvanica.

[cxciii] “Myrica pennsylvanica,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrica+pennsylvanica.

[cxciv] “Baryberry,” “Plant Fact Sheet,” United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed June 12, 2012, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_mope6.pdf.

[cxcv] Lane Greer and John M. Dole, Woody Cut Stems for Growers and Florists: How to Produce and Use Branches, (Portland, OR: Timber Press, Inc.) 248.

[cxcvi] “Myrica pennsylvanica,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Myrica+pennsylvanica.

[cxcvii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 541.

[cxcviii] “American Elderberry,” ENature, accessed June 12, 2012, http://www.enature.com/fieldguides/detail.asp?recNum=TS0229.

[cxcix] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 488.

[cc] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 530.

[cci] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 488.

[ccii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 488.

[cciii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 488.

[cciv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 530.

[ccv] “Sambucus canadensis,” Plants for a Future,

[ccvi] “Grow elderberries as a fruit-bearing ornamental,” Oregon State University, accessed June 12, 2012, http://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/node/862.

[ccvii] “Sambucus canadensis,” Plants for a Future,

[ccviii] “Sambucus canadensis,” Plants for a Future,

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[ccx] “Sambucus canadensis: American Elder,” University of Florida IFAS Extension: Electronic Data Information Source, accessed June 29, 2012, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/st578.

[ccxi] “Red Lake Currant,” Monrovia, accessed June 21, 2012, http://www.monrovia.com/plant-catalog/plants/3014/red-lake-currant.php.

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[ccxvi] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 486.

[ccxvii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 486.

[ccxviii] Jancz, “Ribes rubrum,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 21, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+rubrum.

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[ccxxvi] Tag on plant.

[ccxxvii] “Serviceberry: Amelanchier alnifolia,” The Wild Garden, accessed June 30, 2012, http://www.nwplants.com/business/catalog/ame_aln.html.

[ccxxviii] Wesleyan Sustainable Landscape Design Student Forum, Fall 2011, “Plant List 2.0,” accessed June 26, 2012, google.doc.

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[ccxxxi] “Amelanchier Candensis (Serviceberry),” De Groot, Inc., accessed June 7, 2012, http://www.degroot-inc.com/product_info.php?products_id=39.

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[ccxxxiii] “Amelanchier Candensis (Serviceberry),” De Groot, Inc., accessed June 7, 2012, http://www.degroot-inc.com/product_info.php?products_id=39.

[ccxxxiv] “Amelanchier canadensis,” Wikipedia, accessed June 6, 2012, http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+arborea;

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[ccxxxvii] Karren J. Wcisel, “Paper Birch Fact Sheet,” Tree Topics, accessed June 29, 2012, http://www.treetopics.com/betula_papyrifera/index.htm.

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[ccxli] Donna Carson, “Comparison of Paper Birch, White Spruce, and Black Spruce: Dominant Tree Species Near Goose Lake in Southcentral Alaska,” Yahoo! Voices, accessed June 29, 2012, http://voices.yahoo.com/comparison-paper-birch-white-spruce-black-spruce-6365930.html.

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[ccxlviii] (L.) Dunal, “Asimina triloba,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 4, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Asimina+triloba.

[ccxlix] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

[ccl] Wesleyan Sustainable Landscape Design Student Forum, Fall 2011, “Plant List 2.0,” accessed June 26, 2012, google.doc.

[ccli] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[cclii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

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[cclvii] Sally G. Miller, “Unusual Fruit: Pawpaw (Asimina triloba),” Dave’s Garden, accessed June 10, 2012, http://davesgarden.com/guides/articles/view/2623/.

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[ccciv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 466.

[cccv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

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[cccxvi] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 470.

[cccxvii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 470.

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[cccxxvii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 474.

[cccxxviii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 474.

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[ccclix] “Plant Fact Sheet: Highbush Blueberry,” United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed June 12, 2012, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vaco.pdf.

[ccclx] Ibid.

[ccclxi] “Vaccinium corymbosum,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+corymbosum.

[ccclxii] Stanley Goff, “The Life Span of a Blueberry Bush,” eHow, http://www.ehow.com/facts_7430939_life-span-blueberry-bush.html.

[ccclxiii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 492.

[ccclxiv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 492.

[ccclxv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 492.

[ccclxvi] Kimberly Sharpe, “Climate for Blueberry Plants,” “Blueberry Plant Care,” eHow, accessed June 17, 2012, http://www.ehow.com/blueberry-plant-care/.

[ccclxvii] Vaccinium corymbosum, Wikipedia, accessed June 12, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum.

[ccclxviii] “Vaccinium corymbosum,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+corymbosum.

[ccclxix] “Plant Fact Sheet: Highbush Blueberry,” United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed June 12, 2012, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vaco.pdf.

[ccclxx] “Plant Fact Sheet: Highbush Blueberry,” United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed June 12, 2012, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vaco.pdf.

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[ccclxxv] Vaccinium corymbosum, Wikipedia, accessed June 12, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum.

[ccclxxvi] “Vaccinium corymbosum,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+corymbosum.

[ccclxxvii] “Plant Fact Sheet: Highbush Blueberry,” United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed June 12, 2012, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vaco.pdf.

[ccclxxviii] “Afterglow Winterberry,” The Growing Place, accessed June 30, 2012, http://plants.thegrowingplace.com/12120014/Plant/857/Afterglow_Winterberry.

[ccclxxix] Tag on plant.

[ccclxxx] “Common Winterberry (Verticillata),” Garden Guides, accessed June 17, 2012, http://www.gardenguides.com/taxonomy/common-winterberry-ilex-verticillata/.

[ccclxxxi] E. Lucy Braun, Notes on Root Behavior of Certain Trees and Shrubs of the Illinoian Till Plain of Southwestern Ohio, The University of Cincinnati, accessed June 30, 2012, https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/2796/V36N03_141.pdf?sequence=1.

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[ccclxxxv] D.C. Winston, “How to Grow Winterberry,” Garden Guides, accessed June 30, 2012, http://www.gardenguides.com/67746-grow-winterberry.html.

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[cccxci] “Afterglow Winterberry,” The Growing Place, accessed June 30, 2012, http://plants.thegrowingplace.com/12120014/Plant/857/Afterglow_Winterberry.

[cccxcii] Tag on plant.

[cccxciii] “Common Winterberry (Verticillata),” Garden Guides, accessed June 17, 2012, http://www.gardenguides.com/taxonomy/common-winterberry-ilex-verticillata/.

[cccxciv] E. Lucy Braun, Notes on Root Behavior of Certain Trees and Shrubs of the Illinoian Till Plain of Southwestern Ohio, The University of Cincinnati, accessed June 30, 2012, https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/2796/V36N03_141.pdf?sequence=1.

[cccxcv] “Afterglow Winterberry,” The Growing Place, accessed June 30, 2012, http://plants.thegrowingplace.com/12120014/Plant/857/Afterglow_Winterberry.

[cccxcvi] “Afterglow Winterberry,” The Growing Place, accessed June 30, 2012, http://plants.thegrowingplace.com/12120014/Plant/857/Afterglow_Winterberry.

[cccxcvii] “Afterglow Winterberry,” The Growing Place, accessed June 30, 2012, http://plants.thegrowingplace.com/12120014/Plant/857/Afterglow_Winterberry.

[cccxcviii] D.C. Winston, “How to Grow Winterberry,” Garden Guides, accessed June 30, 2012, http://www.gardenguides.com/67746-grow-winterberry.html.

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[cdv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[cdvi] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[cdvii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

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[cdxiv] “Rudbeckia Fact Sheet,” The National Garden Bureau, accessed June 21, 2012, http://www.northerngardening.com/NGB_articles/rudbeckia.htm.

[cdxv] Tag on plant.

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[dix] Tag on plant.

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[dxlvi] Tag on Plant.

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[dlxxxviii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[dlxxxix] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

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[dcxxxi] Tag on plant.

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[dcxxxiii] E. Lucy Braun, Notes on Root Behavior of Certain Trees and Shrubs of the Illinoian Till Plain of Southwestern Ohio, The University of Cincinnati, accessed June 30, 2012, https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/2796/V36N03_141.pdf?sequence=1.

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[dcxxxvii] D.C. Winston, “How to Grow Winterberry,” Garden Guides, accessed June 30, 2012, http://www.gardenguides.com/67746-grow-winterberry.html.

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[xxxiv] “Atriplex nuttallii,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 22, 2012, http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Atriplex+nuttallii

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[xliv] “Plant Fact Sheet: Highbush Blueberry,” United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed June 12, 2012, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vaco.pdf.

[xlv] Ibid.

[xlvi] “Vaccinium corymbosum,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+corymbosum.

[xlvii] Stanley Goff, “The Life Span of a Blueberry Bush,” eHow, http://www.ehow.com/facts_7430939_life-span-blueberry-bush.html.

[xlviii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 492.

[xlix] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 492.

[l] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 492.

[li] Kimberly Sharpe, “Climate for Blueberry Plants,” “Blueberry Plant Care,” eHow, accessed June 17, 2012, http://www.ehow.com/blueberry-plant-care/.

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[liii] “Vaccinium corymbosum,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+corymbosum.

[liv] “Plant Fact Sheet: Highbush Blueberry,” United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed June 12, 2012, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vaco.pdf.

[lv] “Plant Fact Sheet: Highbush Blueberry,” United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed June 12, 2012, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vaco.pdf.

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[lviii] “Vaccinium corymbosum,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+corymbosum.

[lix] Marie Iannotti, “Growing Blueberries: Pruning Blueberries and Blueberries Pests and Diseases,” About.com: Gardening, accessed June 29, 2012, http://gardening.about.com/od/berries/a/Blueberries_2.htm.

[lx] Vaccinium corymbosum, Wikipedia, accessed June 12, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum.

[lxi] “Vaccinium corymbosum,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 6, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+corymbosum.

[lxii] “Plant Fact Sheet: Highbush Blueberry,” United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, accessed June 12, 2012, http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_vaco.pdf.

[lxiii] “Afterglow Winterberry,” The Growing Place, accessed June 30, 2012, http://plants.thegrowingplace.com/12120014/Plant/857/Afterglow_Winterberry.

[lxiv] Tag on plant.

[lxv] “Common Winterberry (Verticillata),” Garden Guides, accessed June 17, 2012, http://www.gardenguides.com/taxonomy/common-winterberry-ilex-verticillata/.

[lxvi] E. Lucy Braun, Notes on Root Behavior of Certain Trees and Shrubs of the Illinoian Till Plain of Southwestern Ohio, The University of Cincinnati, accessed June 30, 2012, https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/2796/V36N03_141.pdf?sequence=1.

[lxvii] “Afterglow Winterberry,” The Growing Place, accessed June 30, 2012, http://plants.thegrowingplace.com/12120014/Plant/857/Afterglow_Winterberry.

[lxviii] “Afterglow Winterberry,” The Growing Place, accessed June 30, 2012, http://plants.thegrowingplace.com/12120014/Plant/857/Afterglow_Winterberry.

[lxix] “Afterglow Winterberry,” The Growing Place, accessed June 30, 2012, http://plants.thegrowingplace.com/12120014/Plant/857/Afterglow_Winterberry.

[lxx] D.C. Winston, “How to Grow Winterberry,” Garden Guides, accessed June 30, 2012, http://www.gardenguides.com/67746-grow-winterberry.html.

[lxxi] (L.)A.Gray, “Ilex verticillata,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 13, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+verticillata.

[lxxii] (L.)A.Gray, “Ilex verticillata,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 13, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+verticillata.

[lxxiii] (L.)A.Gray, “Ilex verticillata,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 13, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ilex+verticillata.

[lxxiv] “Ilex verticillata ‘Jim Dandy,’” Spring Valley Roses, accessed June 13, 2012, http://www.springvalleyroses.com/catalog/ilex-jimdandy.html.

[lxxv] “Ilex verticillata ‘Nana’ Red Sprite,” Kemper Center for Home Gardening, accessed June 30, 2012, https://www.mobot.org/gardeninghelp/plantfinder/plant.asp?code=K660.

[lxxvi] (F.Michx)Fernald, “Amelanchier arborea,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 7, 2012, http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+lamarckii.

[lxxvii] Tag on plant.

[lxxviii] “Serviceberry: Amelanchier alnifolia,” The Wild Garden, accessed June 30, 2012, http://www.nwplants.com/business/catalog/ame_aln.html.

[lxxix] Wesleyan Sustainable Landscape Design Student Forum, Fall 2011, “Plant List 2.0,” accessed June 26, 2012, google.doc.

[lxxx] “Amelanchier Candensis (Serviceberry),” De Groot, Inc., accessed June 7, 2012, http://www.degroot-inc.com/product_info.php?products_id=39.

[lxxxi] (F.Michx)Fernald, “Amelanchier arborea,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 7, 2012, http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+lamarckii.

[lxxxii] “Amelanchier Candensis (Serviceberry),” De Groot, Inc., accessed June 7, 2012, http://www.degroot-inc.com/product_info.php?products_id=39.

[lxxxiii] (F.Michx)Fernald, “Amelanchier arborea,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 7, 2012, http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+lamarckii.

[lxxxiv] “Amelanchier Candensis (Serviceberry),” De Groot, Inc., accessed June 7, 2012, http://www.degroot-inc.com/product_info.php?products_id=39.

[lxxxv] “Amelanchier canadensis,” Wikipedia, accessed June 6, 2012, http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+arborea;

[lxxxvi] “Amelanchier Candensis (Serviceberry),” De Groot, Inc., accessed June 7, 2012, http://www.degroot-inc.com/product_info.php?products_id=39.

[lxxxvii] (F.Michx)Fernald, “Amelanchier arborea,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 7, 2012, http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Amelanchier+lamarckii.

[lxxxviii] Aiton, “Vaccinium angustifolium,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 15, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+angustifolium.

[lxxxix] “Vaccinium Angustifolium,” UConn Plant Database, accessed June 17, 2012, http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/v/vacang/vacang1.html.

[xc] Stanley Goff, “The Life Span of a Blueberry Bush,” eHow, http://www.ehow.com/facts_7430939_life-span-blueberry-bush.html.

[xci] Tirmenstein, “Species: Vaccinium angustifolium,” “Botanical and Ecological Characteristics,” “Index of Species Information,” USDA Forest Service: Fire Effects Information System, accessed July 10, 2012, http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/vacang/all.html#BOTANICAL%20AND%20ECOLOGICAL%20CHARACTERISTICS.

[xcii] Tirmenstein, “Species: Vaccinium angustifolium,” “Botanical and Ecological Characteristics,” “Index of Species Information,” USDA Forest Service: Fire Effects Information System, accessed July 10, 2012, http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/vacang/all.html#BOTANICAL%20AND%20ECOLOGICAL%20CHARACTERISTICS.

[xciii] Tirmenstein, “Species: Vaccinium angustifolium,” “Botanical and Ecological Characteristics,” “Index of Species Information,” USDA Forest Service: Fire Effects Information System, accessed July 10, 2012, http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/vacang/all.html#BOTANICAL%20AND%20ECOLOGICAL%20CHARACTERISTICS.

[xciv] Paghat the Ratgirl, “Highbush Blueberries,” Paghat’s Garden, accessed June 17, 2012, http://www.paghat.com/blueberries.html.

[xcv] “Vaccinium angustifolium,” Wikipedia, accessed June 17, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_angustifolium.

[xcvi] “Vaccinium Angustifolium,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 13, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+angustifolium.

[xcvii] “Vaccinium Angustifolium,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 13, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+angustifolium.

[xcviii] “Vaccinium Angustifolium,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 13, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Vaccinium+angustifolium.

[xcix] Tirmenstein, “Species: Vaccinium angustifolium,” “Botanical and Ecological Characteristics,” “Index of Species Information,” USDA Forest Service: Fire Effects Information System, accessed July 10, 2012, http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/vacang/all.html#BOTANICAL%20AND%20ECOLOGICAL%20CHARACTERISTICS.

[c] “Vaccinium angustifolium,” Wikipedia, accessed June 17, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_angustifolium.

[ci] “Vaccinium angustifolium,” Wikipedia, accessed June 17, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_angustifolium.

[cii] “Arcostaphylos uva-ursi,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 21, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+uva-ursi.

[ciii] (L.)Spreng., “Arcostaphylos uva-ursi,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 21, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+uva-ursi.

[civ] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[cv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[cvi] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 468.

[cvii] “Arcostaphylos uva-ursi (Common bearberry, Kinnikinnik),” Plant Guide, Fine Gardening, accessed June 21, 2012, http://www.finegardening.com/plantguide/arctostaphylos-uva-ursi-common-bearberry-kinnikinnick.aspx.

[cviii] “Arcostaphylos uva-ursi,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 21, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+uva-ursi.

[cix] “Arcostaphylos uva-ursi,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 21, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+uva-ursi.

[cx] “Arcostaphylos uva-ursi,” Plants for a Future, accessed June 21, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Arctostaphylos+uva-ursi.

[cxi] “Arcostaphylos uva-ursi (Common bearberry, Kinnikinnik),” Plant Guide, Fine Gardening, accessed June 21, 2012, http://www.finegardening.com/plantguide/arctostaphylos-uva-ursi-common-bearberry-kinnikinnick.aspx.

[cxii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 486.

[cxiii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 486.

[cxiv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 530.

[cxv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 486.

[cxvi] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 486.

[cxvii] “Ribes x culverwellii,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+x+culverwellii.

[cxviii] “Ribes x culverwellii,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+x+culverwellii.

[cxix] “Jostaberry,” Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jostaberry.

[cxx] “Ribes x culverwellii,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ribes+x+culverwellii.

[cxxi] “Jostaberry,” Wikipedia, accessed July 27, 2012, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jostaberry.

[cxxii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 472.

[cxxiii] “Cydonia oblonga,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cydonia+oblonga.

[cxxiv] “Quince (Oblonga),” Garden Guides, accessed July 27, 2012, http://www.gardenguides.com/taxonomy/quince-cydonia-oblonga/.

[cxxv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 472.

[cxxvi] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 472.

[cxxvii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 472.

[cxxviii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, (Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2005) 528.

[cxxix] “Cydonia oblonga,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cydonia+oblonga.

[cxxx] “Cydonia oblonga,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cydonia+oblonga.

[cxxxi] “Cydonia oblonga,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cydonia+oblonga.

[cxxxii] Jessica McCombe, “Quince Tree Description,” eHow, accessed July 27, 2012, http://www.ehow.com/about_6523995_quince-tree-description.html.

[cxxxiii] “Cydonia oblonga,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cydonia+oblonga.

[cxxxiv] “Poncirus trifoliata,” UConn Plant Database, accessed July 27, 2012, http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/p/pontri/pontri1.html.

[cxxxv] “Poncirus trifoliata,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poncirus+trifoliata.

[cxxxvi] “Poncirus trifoliata,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poncirus+trifoliata.

[cxxxvii] “Rootstock Fact Sheet: Citrus trifoliata,” accessed July 27, 2012, http://www.bugsforbugs.com.au/pdf/Poncirus%20trifoliata.pdf.

[cxxxviii] “Poncirus trifoliata,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poncirus+trifoliata.

[cxxxix] “Poncirus trifoliata,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poncirus+trifoliata.

[cxl] Martin Crawford, Creating a Forest Garden: Working with Nature to Grow Edible Crops, (Totnes, Devon: Green Books, 2010) 172.

[cxli] “Poncirus trifoliata,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poncirus+trifoliata.

[cxlii] “Poncirus trifoliata,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poncirus+trifoliata.

[cxliii] “Rootstock Fact Sheet: Citrus trifoliata,” accessed July 27, 2012, http://www.bugsforbugs.com.au/pdf/Poncirus%20trifoliata.pdf.

[cxliv] “Poncirus trifoliata,” Plants for a Future, accessed July 27, 2012, http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Poncirus+trifoliata.

[dcxlii] All information for this section comes from Chapter 6 (pp. 371-411) of Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier’s Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

[dcxliii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

[dcxliv] “When to Plant,” “Planting a Tree,” TreeHelp.com, accessed June 10, 2012, http://www.tree-planting.com/tree-planting-3.htm.

[dcxlv] P.398, Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

[dcxlvi] “New Tree Planting,” “Tree Care Information,” Trees Are Good, accessed June 10, 2012, http://www.treesaregood.com/treecare/tree_planting.aspx.

[dcxlvii] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

[dcxlviii] “How to Plant a Tree,” “Planting a Tree,” TreeHelp.com, accessed June 10, 2012, http://www.tree-planting.com/tree-planting-3.htm.

[dcxlix] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

[dcl] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

[dcli] “How to Plant a Tree,” “Planting a Tree,” TreeHelp.com, accessed June 10, 2012, http://www.tree-planting.com/tree-planting-3.htm.

[dclii] “How to Plant a Tree,” “Planting a Tree,” TreeHelp.com, accessed June 10, 2012, http://www.tree-planting.com/tree-planting-3.htm.

[dcliii] “New Tree Planting,” “Tree Care Information,” Trees Are Good, accessed June 10, 2012, http://www.treesaregood.com/treecare/tree_planting.aspx.

[dcliv] Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

[dclv] P. 397, Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

[dclvi] P. 396, Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

[dclvii] P.398, Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

[dclviii] P.398, Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

[dclix] Nancy Ballek, Ballek’s Nursery, Phone Conversation, June 4, 2012.

[dclx] P.397, Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

[dclxi] Nancy Ballek, Ballek’s Nursery, Phone Conversation, June 4, 2012.

[dclxii] Nancy Ballek, Ballek’s Nursery, Phone Conversation, June 28, 2012.

[dclxiii] The following three sections (Perennials, Rain Garden Construction, Raised Bed Construction, and Sheet Mulching, are drawn from the Implementation Plan: West College Courtyard Permaculture Garden, written collectively by the Fall 2011 Sustainable Landscape Design Student Forum.

[dclxiv] P.26, Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier, Edible Forest Gardens Vol. 2: Design and Practice, Chelsea Green, 2005.

[dclxv] Erv Evans, “Tree Anatomy,” NC State University, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/text/tree_anatomy.html.

[dclxvi] “The Anatomy of a Tree,” Arbor Day Foundation, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/anatomy.cfm.

[dclxvii] Erv Evans, “Tree Anatomy,” NC State University, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/text/tree_anatomy.html.

[dclxviii] “The Anatomy of a Tree,” Arbor Day Foundation, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/anatomy.cfm.

[dclxix] “The Anatomy of a Tree,” Arbor Day Foundation, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.arborday.org/trees/treeguide/anatomy.cfm.

[dclxx] Erv Evans, “Tree Anatomy,” NC State University, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/text/tree_anatomy.html.

[dclxxi] Erv Evans, “Tree Anatomy,” NC State University, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/text/tree_anatomy.html.

[dclxxii] Erv Evans, “Tree Anatomy,” NC State University, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/text/tree_anatomy.html.

[dclxxiii] “The Anatomy of a Tree,” Huntsville Tree Guide, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.sactree.com/assets/files/greenprint/toolkit/c/huntsvilleTreeGuide.pdf.

[dclxxiv] Erv Evans, “Tree Anatomy,” NC State University, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/consumer/factsheets/trees-new/text/tree_anatomy.html.

[dclxxv] “Leaf Anatomy,” Biodidac, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/leaf_coloring.html.

[dclxxvi] “Leaf Anatomy,” Biodidac, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/leaf_coloring.html.

[dclxxvii] “Leaf Anatomy,” Biodidac, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/leaf_coloring.html.

[dclxxviii] “Leaf Anatomy,” Biodidac, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/leaf_coloring.html.

[dclxxix] “Leaf Anatomy,” Biodidac, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.biologycorner.com/worksheets/leaf_coloring.html.

[dclxxx] “Tree Anatomy 101,” Tree Biology, Iowa State University Forestry Extension, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.extension.iastate.edu/forestry/tree_biology/101roots.html.

[dclxxxi] Ibid.

[dclxxxii] Ibid,

[dclxxxiii] Ibid.

[dclxxxiv] Ibid.

[dclxxxv] Ibid.

[dclxxxvi] “The Anatomy of a Tree,” Huntsville Tree Guide, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.sactree.com/assets/files/greenprint/toolkit/c/huntsvilleTreeGuide.pdf.

[dclxxxvii] “Tree Anatomy 101,” Tree Biology, Iowa State University Forestry Extension, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.extension.iastate.edu/forestry/tree_biology/101roots.html.

[dclxxxviii] Ibid.

[dclxxxix] “The Anatomy of a Tree,” Huntsville Tree Guide, accessed June 20, 2012, http://www.sactree.com/assets/files/greenprint/toolkit/c/huntsvilleTreeGuide.pdf.

[dcxc] Ibid,

[dcxci] Ibid.

[dcxcii] Ibid.

[dcxciii] Ibid.

[dcxciv] Ibid.

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Fruits late summer[i] to early fall.[ii]

[i] “Prunus ‘Stanley,’” Sooner Plant Farm, accessed July 4, 2012, http://www.soonerplantfarm.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/plants.plantDetail/plant_id/1391/index.htm.

[ii] “Prunus domestica ‘Stanley,’” Missouri Botanical Garden, accessed July 4, 2012, http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/n300/prunus-domestica-stanley.aspx.

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